Effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol and midazolam-etomidate on selected ocular and cardiorespiratory variables in clinically normal dogs

Gunderson, Erin G.; Lukasik, Victoria M.; Ashton, Marcella M.; Merideth, R E; Madsen, Richard

doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.4.629

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Administration of acepromazine in dogs has been shown to cause miosis, and halogenated agents (isoflurane) cause mydriasis, whereas propofol does not alter pupil reactivity. 65,66 Despite these reported effects of anesthetic agents on the pupil, we found that the dogs' eyes dilated well to baseline pupil size after dark adaptation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Yeh

Koehl

Harman

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate a chromatic pupillometry protocol for specific functional assessment of rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in dogs.MethodsChromatic pupillometry was tested and compared in 37 dogs in different stages of primary loss of rod, cone, and combined rod/cone and optic nerve function, and in 5 wild-type (WT) dogs. Eyes were stimulated with 1-s flashes of dim (1 cd/m2) and bright (400 cd/m2) blue light (for scotopic conditions) or bright red (400 cd/m2) light with 25-cd/m2 blue background (for photopic conditions). Canine retinal melanopsin/Opn4 was cloned, and its expression was evaluated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsMean ± SD percentage of pupil constriction amplitudes induced by scotopic dim blue (scDB), scotopic bright blue (scBB), and photopic bright red (phBR) lights in WT dogs were 21.3% ± 10.6%, 50.0% ± 17.5%, and 19.4% ± 7.4%, respectively. Melanopsin-mediated responses to scBB persisted for several minutes (7.7 ± 4.6 min) after stimulus offset. In dogs with inherited retinal degeneration, loss of rod function resulted in absent scDB responses, followed by decreased phBR responses with disease progression and loss of cone function. Primary loss of cone function abolished phBR responses but preserved those responses to blue light (scDB and scBB). Although melanopsin/Opn4 expression was diminished with retinal degeneration, melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs were identified for the first time in both WT and degenerated canine retinas.ConclusionsPupil responses elicited by light stimuli of different colors and intensities allowed differential functional assessment of canine rods, cones, and ipRGCs. Chromatic pupillometry offers an effective tool for diagnosing retinal and optic nerve diseases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Yeh

Koehl

Harman

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] The two major anesthetic drugs that could cause an increased IOP doing surgery and therefore act as a bias in our study are propofol and ketamine. 32,33,36,37,41 Only one case was not treated with propofol (LA-group, case 8). This case had POH-spikes of 61 mmHg OD, and 68 mmHg OS which makes OS have the fourth highest POH spike throughout the entire study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of canine postoperative ocular hypertension with combined latanoprost 0.005% and atropine 1% ophthalmic solutions

Henriksen

Lim

Sharp

2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To compare the effects of topical 0.005% latanoprost (L) vs combined 0.005% latanoprost and 1% atropine (LA) on control of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH), development of posterior synechiae formation, pupil size, and blindness after phacoemulsification surgery in dogs. Animal studied Dogs with postoperative ocular hypertension were included in the study: L‐group, latanoprost (eight dogs, 14 eyes) and LA‐group, latanoprost and atropine (nine dogs, 15 eyes). Procedures Complete ophthalmic examinations including tonometry were performed at 1, 7, and 21 days following phacoemulsification. Results No significant differences were found between the measured intraocular pressure (IOP) at days 1 and 7 postphacoemulsification surgery in the L‐group and the LA‐group (P = 0.26 [14.12 ± 1.76 mmHg vs 16.96 ± 1.68 mmHg] and P = 0.71 [15.45 ± 1.43 mmHg vs 16.20 ± 1.36 mmHg], respectively). No significant differences were found between pupil sizes at day 7 for the two groups (P = 0.25 [13.83% vs 24.77%]). No significant differences were found between odds of posterior synechiae formation at day 21 (P = 0.92) with a probability ± SE for L‐group vs LA‐group at 0.27 ± 0.14 vs 0.25 ± 0.13. No significant differences were found in odds of postoperative blindness between groups (P = 0.58) with a probability ± SE of 0.21 ± 0.11 vs 0.13 ± 0.09, respectively for L and LA. Conclusions Combined topical latanoprost and atropine in dogs maintains normal postoperative IOPs but does not seem to cause increased mydriasis compared to latanoprost alone.

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“…In veterinary medicine, several research groups have evaluated the effects of different anesthetic drug combinations as induction agents on IOP values. 2,8,20 In these studies, the authors stated that propofol, etomidate-midazolam, and ketamine-diazepam caused a significant increase in IOP compare to baseline. Although the use of TZ is still controversial for veterinary ophthalmic patients because of its tendency to increase the tone of extraocular muscles and produce poor recovery, 1,3,7 this study showed that TZ had minimal effect on IOP in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tiletamine–zolazepam on the intraocular pressure of the dog

Jang

Park

Son

et al. 2014

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol and midazolam-etomidate on selected ocular and cardiorespiratory variables in clinically normal dogs

Abstract: At the studied doses, midazolam-etomidate caused clinically important miosis and increased IOP. Midazolam-propofol caused an even greater increase in IOP but had minimal effects on PD.

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Treatment of canine postoperative ocular hypertension with combined latanoprost 0.005% and atropine 1% ophthalmic solutions

Effect of tiletamine–zolazepam on the intraocular pressure of the dog

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