Effects of ambient temperature in association with photoperiod on phenology and on the expressions of major plant developmental genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

In addition to its role in vernalization, temperature is an important environmental stimulus in determining plant growth and development. We used factorial combinations of two photoperiods (16H, 12H) and three temperature levels (11, 18 and 25 °C) to study the temperature responses of 19 wheat cultivars with established genetic relationships. Temperature produced more significant effects on plant development than photoperiod, with strong genotypic components. Wheat genotypes with PPD-D1 photoperiod sensitive allele were sensitive to temperature; their development was delayed by higher temperature, which intensified under non-inductive conditions. The effect of temperature on plant development was not proportional; it influenced the stem elongation to the largest extent, and warmer temperature lengthened the lag phase between the detection of first node and the beginning of intensive stem elongation. The gene expression patterns of VRN1, VRN2 and PPD1 were also significantly modified by temperature, while VRN3 was more chronologically regulated. The associations between VRN1 and VRN3 gene expression with early apex development were significant in all treatments but were only significant for later plant developmental phases under optimal conditions (16H and 18 °C). Under 16H, the magnitude of the transient peak expression of VRN2 observed at 18 and 25 °C associated with the later developmental phases.

Developmental responses of bread wheat to changes in ambient temperature following deletion of a locus that includes FLOWERING LOCUS T1

“…The physiological analysis of the role of FT in apex transition, germination, and plant architecture (Figures 2, 3, and 4) indicated that FT fulfils different functions at different stages of plant development. The data suggest that the temperature dependency of apex transition and flowering acceleration was occurring at least semi-independently of FT. To try to identify any role of FT-B1 in the temperature dependent signalling, we looked at gene expression at the fifth leaf stage under the two ambient temperature conditions, as this is a stage when stem elongation starts, and which has been shown to be a more temperature dependent process (Kiss et al, 2017). At this stage, a low, very similar level of expression is observed under both ambient temperature conditions in Paragon (Figure 5a), and in the overexpressor, an increased level of FT-B1 is measured which is substantially higher at elevated ambient temperatures.…”

Temperature response of wheat affects final height and the timing of stem elongation under field conditions

“…One important aspect we could not address in this study is the interaction of genotype specific temperature response with vernalisation and photoperiod (Slafer and Rawson, 1995c;Gol et al, 2017;Kiss et al, 2017). Due to the climate conditions in Switzerland, we expect fulfilment of vernalisation requirement in all genotypes.…”

“…Genotypic variation for growth response to temperature was reported for wheat leaf elongation rate (Nagelmüller et al, 2016), as well as for canopy cover growth (Grieder et al, 2015). Kiss et al (2017) reported significant genotype by temperature interactions in the timing of SE as well as temperature dependent differences in the expression of Vrn and Ppd genes under controlled conditions. Under field conditions, the response of stem elongation to temperature has not yet been investigated in high temporal resolution.…”

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics Associated with Different Vernalization Periods in Brassica rapa

“…VIN3 is induced by vernalization, participates in FLC chromatin remodeling, and plays a suppressive role [14]. In monocotyledonous wheat, the genes necessary for vernalization include VRN1, VRN2, and vernalization 3 (VRN3), none of which are homologues to the VRNs of Arabidopsis and do not contain FLC-like [15,16]. Both VRN1 and VRN3 in Arabidopsis have homology genes FUL and FT in wheat [15,17].…”