Effects of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone on Eastern White Pine in a Rural Environment

Costonis, A. C.

doi:10.1094/phyto-61-717

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…On the other hand, the extensive use of fossil fuels as energy sources, smelter operations, pulp mills, and other industrial processes have contributed appreciably to the total atmospheric burden of SOz, with the result that "normal" background levels have risen appreciably over large areas of the world. For example, measurements in the Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, showed daily levels in the range of 0.06-0.1 ppm (Costonis 1971), levels which exceed those found in some midwestern cities ( U S . Dep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

Bennett¹,

Resh²,

Runeckles³

1974

Can. J. Bot.

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rnco~rver, Britislr Colrunbia Received Ailgust 16, 1973 BENNETT, J. P., H. M. RESH, and V. C. RUNECKLES. 1974. Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants. Can. J. Bot. 52: 35-41. A survey of recent literature on the effects of low levels of air pollutants on lants, and the results of our experiments with low levels of ozone ( < 0.1 ppm) on bean (Plraseolos vir?grrris), barley (Horderrti~ vrrlgare), and smartweed (Polygot~rrt~~ Iapntlrifr,lirm~) indicate stin~ulations of various growth parameters when compared with growth in clean, filtered air. Increasing knowledge of the composition of air in various regions of the world has been interpreted by some as evidence of increased air pollution. We argue that such a conclusion may not necessarily be valid, and that the observed levels of individual constituents may be indicative of long-term air composition. The similarity between the ambient levels of pollutants reported from numerous locations and those which result in stimulations of plant growth when compared with clean air, suggests that plants exhibiting such stimulations have adapted to low pollution levels, and hence are at a disadvantage when grown in clean air. We argue that the use of filtered air controls in experiments on the effects of air pollutants on plants is therefore unrealistic and misleading, and should be replaced by the use of ambient levels of pollution.BENNETT, J. P., H. M. RESH et V. C. RUNECKLES. 1974. Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants. Can. J. Bot. 52: 35-41. Une revue de la littirature rCcente consacrCe aux effets de faibles concentrations de substances polluantes sur les plantes, ainsi que les rksultats de nos expkriences sur les effets de faibles niveaux d'ozone (<0.1 ppm) sur le haricot (Plioseolrrs virlgaris), I'orge (Hordeun~ vulgare) et Polygotrim~ lapatliifolirrm indiquent une stimulation de divers paramktres de croissance par cornparaison avec la croissance dans un alr propre filtre. Certains auteurs ont interprCtC la connaissance accrue que l'on a de la composition de l'air dans diverses regions du globe comme une preuve de l'augmentation de la pollution de l'air. Nous croyons qu'une telle conclusion n'est pas nicessairement valide et que la concentration de certaines substances peut caractkriser la composition de l'air a long terme. La similitude entre les concentrations ambiantes de substances polluantes rapportCes pour nombreuses localites et les concentrations qui produisent une stimulation de la croissance des plantes, par rapport a la croissance dans l'air pur, implique que les plantes presentant de telles stimulations se sont adaptCes a de faibles niveaux de pollution et sont donc desavantagees lorsqu'elles croissent dans l'air pur. Nous croyons donc qu'il est irrialiste et fallacieux d'utiliser un air filtrC dans les expiriences tCmoins lorsqu'on etudie l'effet de la pollution aCrienne sur les plantes; on devrait plut6t utiliser comme tCmoin le niveau ambiant de pollution. [Traduit par le journal]

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

Bennett¹,

Resh²,

Runeckles³

1974

Can. J. Bot.

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“…The pattern of foliar symptoms noted in tbe Lipbook plots shows that they were linked to SO^ fumigation, and the observations agreed witb descriptions of acute SO., injury given by Katz & McCallum (1952), Costonis (1971), Skelly (1987), Taylor, Ashmore & Bell (1987), and Hartmann et al (1988), although it is worth noting that other pollutant gases such as NOg, O.J or HF can generate visually identical effects. The only indication of O3 injury in the Liphook plots was mild chlorotic mottle (Skelly, 1987) in one corsican pine growing immediately next to a gas outlet in plot 5 (higb SO,, high O3) and therefore subject to concentrations greatly elevated above target values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The National Research Council of Canada (1939), Katz & McCallum (1952) and Costonis (1971) noted the actively growing tips of expanding needles to be the pine tissue most vulnerable to damage by air pollutants. Garsed & Rutter (1982) noted that Scots pines which had developed acute needle damage burst bud later than other trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…aphid attack) seen hitherto, and fumigation protocol was intended to provide a fitting published descriptions of acute SO2 injury realistic model (both in terms of concentrations and (The National Research Council of Canada, 1939; frequency distribution) of these gases in the UK. Katz & McCallum, 1952;Costonis, 1971; There is a body of previous work showing SO^ Hartmann, Nienhaus & Butin, 1988). Although pollution to depress conifer growth in the field, but Scots pine has generally been found to be one of the the areas involved were downwind of smelters or most SO^-sensitive pines (Davies & Wilhour, 1976), large industrial conurbations (i.e.…”

Section: And the So2 Concentrations Involvedmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The occurrence of SO₂‐related foliar symptoms on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in an open‐air forest fumigation experiment

et al. 1993

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As part of a long-term open-air fumigation experiment, Scots pine was exposed continuously to SO,^ pollution following a predetermined pattern of hourly mean values based upon monitoring data from a site in central England. Altbougb annual mean concentrations did not exceed 22 ppb, up to 20 "o of trees developed foliar necrosis in tbree consecutive growing seasons similar to publisbed descriptions of acute SOj damage. Tbe number of trees affected increased witb SOj concentration, and tbere was a significant tendency for tbe same trees to be affected in consecutive years, implying tbat sensitivity to these levels was genetically based. As a group, trees showing necrotic symptoms were not significantly retarded in tbeir growtb, altbougb tbeir 1990 budburst was significantly delayed and tbe few trees wbicb lost over 50% of tbeir foliage were visibly stunted. Fumigation of potted trees for sbort periods in chambers witb up to 1000 ppb SO.^ failed to produce any comparable effects. Regression analyses between tbe number of plants affected eacb year and a range of gas concentration parameters sbowed mean concentrations during a critical period in May to be most closely related to tbe development of symptoms, altbougb no effects became visible until approximately 5 wk later. Tbe start date for tbe critical period difFered between years, and for tbe two years for whicb budburst data were available it coincided witb tbe start of needle elongation. Tbe duration of the critical period lay in tbe range 6-14 d. Linear extrapolation from the data suggested tbe tbresbold mean SO^ concentration for visible injury to be in tbe range 6-8 ppb (measured during tbe critical period during needle expansion) altbougb tbis could underestimate tbe true value.

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“…Costonis 1971;Shaw et al 1993). According to Shaw et al (1993) the duration of the critical time for Scots pine needles, i.e., the outset of needle elongation, is in the range 6±14 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. Russia

Sutinen

Lumme

Mäenpää

et al. 1998

Trees

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Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. RussiaAbstractmThe mesophyll structure of current and second year needles of mature Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), growing on a survey line from the Karelian Isthmus (N.W. Leningrad region, Russia) to S.E. Finland, was studied at the light microscopic level in 1992 and 1994. The area is affected by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from Russia (200 000±285 000 ton/year SO2 and about 100 000 ton/year NOX), Estonia (140 000±320 000 ton/ year SO2 and 30 000±50 000 ton/year NOX) and Finland (6000±9000 ton/year SO2 and 23 000±25 000 ton/year NOX) and by unknown amounts of neutralizing compounds from Estonia. Mean concentrations of SO2 were between 1.0 and 1.5 mg m ±3 and those of ozone between 52 and 61 mg m ±3 during growing seasons of 1991±1994. The concentrations tended to be lower in 1993/94 than in 1991/92. The results showed cellular changes related to exposure to sulphur dioxide, ozone and acid wet deposition. The percentage of cells with injuries related to acid deposition was higher in 1994 than in 1992, possibly due to higher reduction of neutralizing than of acidifying compounds in the main emission areas, while the percentage of cells with injuries related to sulphur dioxide correlated positively with needle sulphur concentrations and showed a declining trend between Karelian Isthmus and S.E. Finland in the needles sampled in 1992. These changes and those related to ozone were considerably less numerous in 1994 than in 1992, possibly on account of the lower concentrations of SO2 and ozone in 1993/94 than in 1991/92, especially in early summer, the time of the most sensitive phase of needle growth. In addition, periods of lower wet deposition in summer 1992, and considerably lower temperatures in autumn/winter 1992 than in 1994 may have enhanced the injuries in the needles collected in October/December 1992, relative to those collected in 1994. The results of the microscopic work agreed well with the simultaneous chemical measurements, pointing to the usefulness of cellular analysis for diagnostic work in the field.

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Effects of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone on Eastern White Pine in a Rural Environment

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

The occurrence of SO₂‐related foliar symptoms on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in an open‐air forest fumigation experiment

Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. Russia

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Effects of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone on Eastern White Pine in a Rural Environment

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

Apparent stimulations of plant growth by air pollutants

The occurrence of SO2‐related foliar symptoms on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in an open‐air forest fumigation experiment

Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. Russia

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The occurrence of SO₂‐related foliar symptoms on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in an open‐air forest fumigation experiment