Effects of age and education level on the Trail Making Test in a healthy Brazilian sample.

Hamdan, Amer Cavalheiro; Hamdan, Eli Mara Leite Royg

doi:10.3922/j.psns.2009.2.012

Cited by 66 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It is not surprising to find different Arabic TMT scores in the present study compared with those reported by other countries (Bhatia et al, 2007;Giovagnoli et al, 1996;Hamdan & Hamdan, 2009;Zalonis et al, 2008). Even when constructing TMT-B using characters of the native language instead of the English alphabet, normative data from different countries or cultures are not equivalent for comparable age and education level (Fernandez & Marcopulus, 2008).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

Razzak

2012

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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The Trail-Making Test (TMT) is used in different neuropsychological test batteries. It consists of two parts: TMT-Part A, which tests visual scanning and psychomotor speed, and TMT-Part B, which assesses more complex cognitive processes. TMT normative data have been established in many non-Arab countries either using the original English version or a version developed with the native language. The aim of this study was to compare TMT performance between the English TMT and a constructed Arabic TMT in young Arabic-English bilingual college students from three Arabian Gulf states. Scores from 83 participants who took the English TMT and 52 who took the Arabic TMT were included. Arabic TMT (both parts) scores were significantly poorer compared with English TMT scores. Arabic TMT scores were also poorer than were other norms for this age group and education level, but they were better than those reported from another study using the Arabic TMT. Moreover, there were nonsignificant differences in performance between participants from these three countries; however, these findings are inconclusive as sample sizes were small. These findings suggest that Arabic TMT norms cannot be unified for all Arabic countries, and separate Arabic TMT norms including all age groups and education levels must be established for each Arabic country.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

Razzak

2012

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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“…When the results in this area were compared, there was a statistically significant difference in all results, except in Digit Span (forward) and Stroop test III. Hamdan and Hamdan 24 examining the influence of age and EL on Trail (A and B) test performance in 318 healthy adults aged between 18 and 81 years, divided according to education, reported that the less educated group needed more time to complete the task suggesting that at least more than two years of formal education would be necessary for the test completion. Hashimoto et al 25 study with older people concluded that there is a need for at least six years of schooling to the test set.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low educational level effects on the performance of healthy adults on a Neuropsychological Protocol suggested by the Commission on Neuropsychology of the Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia

Santos

Tudesco

Caboclo

et al. 2011

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To assess cognitive measures and impact of education on cognitive performance (CP) of low educational levels healthy adults (LELHA) on a Neuropsychological Protocol (NP) suggested by the Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia. Method: 138 subjects from an Education Program for Adults divided into two, age and gender matched groups of 69 subjects, answered the NP: Group 1 (mean of 6.9±2.95 months of formal education) and Group 2, 47.8±10 months. Data were compared as z-scores. Results: The mean IQ was 77.1±5.50 and 79.4±3.30 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.001). Both performed below the normal curve and Group 1 worse than 2. CP correlated with schooling, especially executive functions (54.1% vs 36.2%) and language (52.9% vs 25.7%). Conclusion: LELHA showed significant cognitive impairment in verbal and visuospatial areas. If these results had been obtained in epilepsy patients they would be interpreted as global cognitive impairment. Key words: neuropsychological evaluation, neuropsychological protocol, low educational levels, Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia.Efeitos de baixo nível de escolaridade no desempenho de adultos saudáveis em um protocolo neuropsicológico sugerido pela Comissão de Neuropsicologia da Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho cognitivo e o impacto do nível de educação formal em indivíduos adultos saudáveis com baixa escolaridade (IASBE) em um protocolo neuropsicológico (PN) sugerido pela Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia. Método: 138 indivíduos do programa EJA -Educação para Jovens e Adultos, divididos em 2 grupos de 69 sujeitos pareados por idade e sexo (6,9±2,95 vs 47,8±10 meses de escolaridade) responderam ao PN. Dados foram convertidos em z-scores. Resultados: O QI médio foi 77,1±5,50 e 79,4±3,30 nos Grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente (p=0,001). Ambos tiveram resultados abaixo da curva normal e o Grupo 1 mostrou pior desempenho do que o 2, especialmente nas funções executivas (54,1% vs 36,2%) e linguagem (52,9% vs 25,7%). Conclusão: IASBE apresentaram comprometimento cognitivo tanto em tarefas verbais como visuoespaciais. Se estes resultados tivessem sido obtidos em pacientes com epilepsia seriam interpretados como indicativos de disfunção cognitiva global. Palavras-Chave: avaliação neuropsicológica, protocolo neuropsicológico, baixo nível de escolaridade, Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia.

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“…Among the MCI patients, 13 had single-domain amnestic MCI and 15 had multipledomain amnestic MCI. Patients in this unit undergo a vast battery of psychometric instruments biannually that assess cognitive and functional skills. (Nelson, 1976), Trail Making tests A and B (Hamdan & Hamdan, 2009), and Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, revised (WAIS-R; Nascimento & Figueiredo, 2002).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective memory and strategy use in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging.

Brum¹,

Yassuda²,

Forlenza³

2013

Psychology & Neuroscience

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Limited information is available about subjective memory and strategy use in seniors with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We investigated whether differences exist in the perception of changes in memory, perceived frequency of forgetting, overall memory evaluation, and strategy use between seniors with MCI and unimpaired older adults. The study included 56 participants, aged 60 years and older, including 28 normal controls (NC) and 28 MCI patients. The participants completed the Short Cognitive Performance Test, the Story and Grocery list recall tasks, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, the Memory Complaint Questionnaire for the perception of changes in episodic memory, the McNair Frequency of Forgetting Questionnaire, and a single question that evaluated overall memory. The Bousfield semantic clustering measure was calculated to assess semantic clustering for list recall. The number of underlined words during story encoding was calculated to assess strategy use. Participants with MCI had significantly worse scores on Story and Grocery list recall, semantic clustering, and overall memory evaluation. No differences were found in the number of underlined words. List recall was significantly correlated with semantic clustering in both groups (NC: r = .58, p = .001; MCI: r = .57, p = .002). Participants with MCI appeared to be less efficacious when using memory strategies, which may be associated with poor memory performance.

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Effects of age and education level on the Trail Making Test in a healthy Brazilian sample.

Cited by 66 publications

References 17 publications

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

A Preliminary Study on the Trail-Making Test in Arabic–English Bilingual Young Adults

Low educational level effects on the performance of healthy adults on a Neuropsychological Protocol suggested by the Commission on Neuropsychology of the Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia

Subjective memory and strategy use in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging.

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