Effects of adding tocotrienol-tocopherol mixed fraction and vitamin C on inflammatory status in hypercholesterolaemic patients in the low coronary risk category

Abstract

Abstract-Aim:This study is designed to investigate the effects of tocotrienol-tocopherol mixed fraction (TTMF), vitamin C and combined TTMF-vitamin C supplementations on serum lipids and biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in hypercholesterolemic subjects in the low-risk category. Materials and Methods: 78 hypercholesterolaemic subjects (total cholesterol of  5.2 mmol/L and low-density lipoprotein 3.4 -4.9 mmol/L) in the low cardiovascular risk category according to the NCEP-ATP3 criteria were recruited. They were randomized into four treatment combination groups for a period of twelve months; (1) receiving TTMF and vitamin C, (2) receiving TTMF and placebo, (3) receiving vitamin C and placebo, and (4) receiving placebo for both. Serum fasting lipid profiles and levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-, intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, E-selectin and homocysteine were measured at entry and multiple time points post-randomisation. Results: There were no significant differences in percentage changes of lipid profiles and inflammatory markers between treated and placebo groups for either single or combined antioxidants supplementations. Conclusion: TTMF, vitamin C and combined TTMF-vitamin C supplementations have neutral effects on lipid profiles and biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in low risk subjects, suggesting that they offer no added advantage in the low cardiovascular risk group.

Effect of Vitamins C and E Co-Supplementation on Serum C-Reactive Protein Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…Bruunsgaard et al (2003) showed that long term co-supplementation does not significantly affect anti-inflammatory responses in healthy men, and does not significantly impact levels of CRP, TNF-, and IL-6. Further, Osman et al (2016) showed that supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin C+E combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia did not significantly impact levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP, TNF-, and IL-6. However, Ullegaddi et al (2005) reported that co-supplementation with vitamin C and E lowers CRP after 90 days, whereas, Arruda et al (2013) reported that co-supplementation with vitamin C and E increases inflammatory markers, such as the neutrophil count and serum CRP.…”

“…All 8 included studies (Bruunsgaard et al, 2003;Tahir et al, 2005;Ullegaddi et al, 2005;Bloomer et al, 2007;Peairs and Rankin, 2008;Barker et al, 2011;Arruda et al, 2013;Osman et al, 2016) were double blinded and placebo-controlled trials. The durations of intervention ranged from 7 to 1,151 days.…”

“…Data are pooled to include 186 participants in the intervention arm and 213 participants in the control arm; participants' age ranged from 22 to 79 years. Three studies were conducted in the USA (Bloomer et al, 2007;Peairs and Rankin, 2008;Barker et al, 2011), one in Brazil (Arruda et al, 2013), one in Denmark (Bruunsgaard et al, 2003), one in Ireland (Tahir et al, 2005), one in United Kingdom (Ullegaddi et al, 2005) and one in Malaysia (Osman et al, 2016). All the included studies had parallel designs.…”