Effects of acute treadmill running at different intensities on activities of serotonin and corticotropin-releasing factor neurons, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats

Otsuka, Tomomi; Nishii, Ayu; Amemiya, Shin; Kubota, Natsuko; Nishijima, Takeshi; Kita, Ichiro

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.055

Cited by 63 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…For instance, physical activity has been found to normalize reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and therefore has neuro-protective or even neurotrophic effects (Szuhany et al, 2015). Animal studies have found physical activity-induced changes in the levels of different neurotransmitters such as dopamine (Clark et al, 2015), serotonin (Otsuka et al, 2016), glutamate (Real et al, 2010), and acetylcholine (Uchida et al, 2006), which relate to mood and beneficial effects on stress reactivity (e.g., the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal axis). Potential psychosocial mechanisms include Table 3 Odds ratios (95% CI) and proportions (%) for physical inactivity (phase 2) by any psychotropic medication (phases 1-2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between leisure-time physical activity and psychotropic medication usage: A register linked follow-up study

Stubbs

Vancampfort

Mänty

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Research

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This study aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between psychotropic medication use and changes in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among a population cohort study. Phase 1 data were collected by mail surveys in 2000-2002 among 40-60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland, and phase 2 follow up survey was conducted in 2007. Based on self-report, the respondents were classified as inactive and active (≥14.75 MET-hours/week) at the phases 1 and 2. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for subsequent (2007-10) psychotropic medication purchasing according to changes in physical activity (phases 1-2). Odds ratios (OR) for physical inactivity at phase 2 were calculated according to the amount of psychotropic medication between phases 1-2. Overall, 5361 respondents were included (mean age 50 years, 80% women). Compared with the persistently active, the persistently inactive, those decreasing and adopting LTPA had an increased risk for psychotropic medication. Only the persistently inactive remained at increased risk for psychotropic medication use, following the adjustment for prior psychotropic medication use. Compared with those having no medication, the risk for physical inactivity increased as the psychotropic medication increased. Our data suggest that physical activity has an important role in maintaining wellbeing and reducing psychotropic medication usage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between leisure-time physical activity and psychotropic medication usage: A register linked follow-up study

Stubbs

Vancampfort

Mänty

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Research

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“… 45 Our treadmill exercise enhanced the levels of 5-HT in DR, similar to the result of low speed exercise, but not high speed, significantly increasing c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the DR compared to the control. 46 The exercise effect results from increases of tryptophan hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT biosynthesis. 47 However, the effect of creatine supplementation on the 5-HT is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation and exercise on depression-like behaviors and raphe 5-HT neurons in mice

Ahn

Leem

Kato

et al. 2016

Journal of Exercise Nutrition &Amp; Biochemistry

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[Purpose]The effects of creatine and exercise on chronic stress-induced depression are unclear. In the present study, we identified the effects of 4-week supplementation of creatine monohydrate and/or exercise on antidepressant behavior and raphe 5-HT expression in a chronic mild stress-induced depressed mouse model. [Methods]Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (n=48) were divided randomly into 5 groups: (1) non-stress control (CON, n=10), (2) stress control (ST-CON, n=10), (3) stress and creatine intake (ST-Cr, n=10), (4) stress and exercise (ST-Ex, n=9), and (5) combined stress, exercise, and creatine intake (ST-Cr+Ex, n=9). After five weeks’ treatment, we investigated using both anti-behavior tests (the Tail Suspension Test (TST) and the Forced Swimming Test (FST)), and 5-HT expression in the raphe nuclei (the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MnR)). [Results]Stress for 4 weeks significantly increased depressive behaviors in the mice. Treatment with creatine supplementation combined with exercise significantly decreased depressive behaviors as compared with the CON-ST group in both the TST and FST tests. With stress, 5-HT expression in the raphe nuclei decreased significantly. With combined creatine and exercise, 5-HT positive cells increased significantly and had a synergic effect on both DR and MnR. [Conclusion]The present study found that even a single treatment of creatine or exercise has partial effects as an antidepressant in mice with chronic mild stress-induced depression. Furthermore, combined creatine and exercise has synergic effects and is a more effective prescription than a single treatment.

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“…IDO is stimulated by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6 and TFNα, which are released due to LPS-induced intestinal permeability experienced during intense exercise [89]. On the other hand, glucocorticoids can activate TDO [90, 91], and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that a hyperactive HPA axis often co-occurs with depression due to increased levels of glucocorticoid hormones, systemic inflammation and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [90] all of which are released due to exercise-induced stress and increased intestinal permeability. Consequently, glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines induce TDO and IDO enzymes leading to less serotonin synthesis and possibly fatigue and depression that many athletes who suffer from stress.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When focusing to the interaction between serotonin and exercise, running at low speed appears to increase cerebral serotonin levels and decrease depressive and anxious behavior, whereas high-speed running causes an increase in the gene expression of CRH [93]. Additionally, acute aerobic exercise has been shown to increase 5-HTP levels in the brain stem and hypothalamus in rats after swimming for 30 min/day for 6 days per week for 4 weeks [94].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes

Clark

Mach

2016

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

388

318

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Fatigue, mood disturbances, under performance and gastrointestinal distress are common among athletes during training and competition. The psychosocial and physical demands during intense exercise can initiate a stress response activating the sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes, resulting in the release of stress and catabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines and microbial molecules. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that have fundamental roles in many aspects of human biology, including metabolism, endocrine, neuronal and immune function. The gut microbiome and its influence on host behavior, intestinal barrier and immune function are believed to be a critical aspect of the brain-gut axis. Recent evidence in murine models shows that there is a high correlation between physical and emotional stress during exercise and changes in gastrointestinal microbiota composition. For instance, induced exercise-stress decreased cecal levels of Turicibacter spp and increased Ruminococcus gnavus, which have well defined roles in intestinal mucus degradation and immune function.Diet is known to dramatically modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. Due to the considerable complexity of stress responses in elite athletes (from leaky gut to increased catabolism and depression), defining standard diet regimes is difficult. However, some preliminary experimental data obtained from studies using probiotics and prebiotics studies show some interesting results, indicating that the microbiota acts like an endocrine organ (e.g. secreting serotonin, dopamine or other neurotransmitters) and may control the HPA axis in athletes. What is troubling is that dietary recommendations for elite athletes are primarily based on a low consumption of plant polysaccharides, which is associated with reduced microbiota diversity and functionality (e.g. less synthesis of byproducts such as short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters). As more elite athletes suffer from psychological and gastrointestinal conditions that can be linked to the gut, targeting the microbiota therapeutically may need to be incorporated in athletes’ diets that take into consideration dietary fiber as well as microbial taxa not currently present in athlete’s gut.

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Effects of acute treadmill running at different intensities on activities of serotonin and corticotropin-releasing factor neurons, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats

Cited by 63 publications

References 67 publications

Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between leisure-time physical activity and psychotropic medication usage: A register linked follow-up study

Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between leisure-time physical activity and psychotropic medication usage: A register linked follow-up study

Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation and exercise on depression-like behaviors and raphe 5-HT neurons in mice

Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes

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