Effects of Acute Cocoa Supplementation on Postprandial Apolipoproteins, Lipoprotein Subclasses, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes after a High-Fat Meal

Abstract

Dyslipidemia and inflammation exacerbate postprandial metabolic stress in people with diabetes. Acute dietary supplementation with polyphenols shows promise in improving postprandial metabolic stress in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cocoa is a rich source of dietary polyphenols with demonstrated cardioprotective effects in adults without diabetes. To date, the acute effects of cocoa on postprandial lipids and inflammation have received little attention in the presence of T2D. This report expands on our earlier observation that polyphenol-rich cocoa, given as a beverage with a fast-food-style, high-fat breakfast, increased postprandial high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in adults with T2D. We now test whether polyphenol-rich cocoa modulated postprandial apolipoproteins (Apo-A1, B), non-esterified fatty acids, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-derived lipoprotein subclass profiles, and select biomarkers of inflammation following the same dietary challenge. We found that cocoa decreased NMR-derived concentrations of total very low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron particles and increased the concentration of total HDL particles over the 6-hour postprandial phase. Serum interleukin-18 was decreased by cocoa vs. placebo. Thus, polyphenol-rich cocoa may alleviate postprandial dyslipidemia and inflammation following a high-fat dietary challenge in adults with T2D. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01886989.

Clitoria ternatea Flower Extract Attenuates Postprandial Lipemia and Increases Plasma Antioxidant Status Responses to a High-Fat Meal Challenge in Overweight and Obese Participants

“…For instance, consumption of HF foods accompanied by a fruit juice resulted in a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in healthy overweight subjects with a concomitant reduction of inflammatory response mediated by IL-6 and TNF-α [54]. On the other hand, Davis et al reported that an intake of polyphenol-rich cocoa could not improve postprandial inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and IL-1β) in subjects following HF meal intake [55]. According to Edirisinghe et al, serum concentration of IL-1β was not altered in individuals that consumed strawberry beverages alongside an HF meal [17].…”

Dietary Intake of Polyphenols or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Its Relationship with Metabolic and Inflammatory State in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…This also applies to patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including patients with T2DM. The most commonly evaluated markers of inflammation, in this case, were C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin in plasma, oxygen consumption and chemiluminescence in neutrophils, proinflammatory interleukins (IL1β, IL6, IL18), serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-alpha, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and nitrite [ 49 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. In our study, we used commonly known markers from blood counts, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, as well as the calculated parameters: PLR, NLR and MPVLR, to assess the immune status.…”

An Oily Fish Diet Improves Subclinical Inflammation in People at High Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Controlled Study

“…These results disagree with data from in vitro studies [ 21 ] and some, but not all, cross-sectional studies [ 23 , 39 ]. On the other hand, intervention studies in humans have shown conflicting results likely due to the type and source of polyphenols used in the different interventions [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Indeed, the chemical structure of polyphenols and their disposition in the food matrices, as well as the combined consumption with other foods, affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of the molecules and the antioxidant and ant inflammatory effects in the postprandial phase and in the long term [ 43 ].…”