Effects of a Low-oestrogen Oral Contraceptive on Urinary Excretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Ovarian Steroids

Elstein, Max; Briston, P. G.; Jenkins, Melvin E.; Kirk, Deepa; Miller, Howard W.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5896.11

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…An additional possibility is that chronic changes in estrogen or progesterone levels due to HC use may have directly altered the endogenous opioid system (Foradori et al, 2002; Foradori et al, 2005; Smith et al, 2006), CRF neuron reactivity (Kirschbaum et al, 1996; Kudielka et al, 1998; Thammacharoen et al, 2009), and luteinizing hormone pulsatility (Elstein et al, 1974; Brenner et al, 1977; Mishell et al, 1977; Snowden et al, 1986), each of which are involved in the regulation of the HPA axis and stress response at the level of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and amygdala (Smith et al, 1998; Drolet et al, 2001; Bilkei-Gorzo et al, 2008). Furthermore, there is evidence that estrogens mediate the diurnal rhythm of the HPA axis (Morin et al, 1977; Burgess and Handa 1992; Norman et al, 1992), which may be due to estradiol’s regulation of CRF gene expression (Vamvakopoulos and Chrousos 1993; Roy et al, 1999; Chen et al, 2008; Lalmansingh and Uht 2008; Zhu and Zhou 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal contraceptive use diminishes salivary cortisol response to psychosocial stress and naltrexone in healthy women

Roche

King

Cohoon

et al. 2013

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The use of hormonal contraception (HC) may affect salivary cortisol levels at rest and in response to a pharmacological or stress challenge. Therefore, the current study used a secondary data analysis to investigate the effect of HC on salivary cortisol levels in response to the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone and a psychosocial stressor, and also across the diurnal curve. Two hundred and nine women (n = 72 using hormonal contraception; HC+) completed a two-session stress response study that consisted of a stress day, in which they were exposed to public speaking and mental arithmetic, and a rest day, in which unstimulated cortisol levels were measured to assess the diurnal rhythm. A subset of seventy women (n = 24 HC+) also completed a second study in which they were administered oral naltrexone (50 mg) or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind fashion. Women who were HC+ had a significantly reduced salivary cortisol response to both the psychosocial stressor (p < 0.001) and naltrexone (p < 0.05) compared to HC− women. Additionally, HC+ women had a significantly altered morning diurnal cortisol rhythm (p < 0.01), with a delayed peak and higher overall levels. The results of the current study confirm that HC attenuates salivary cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor and mu-opioid receptor antagonism, and also alters the morning diurnal cortisol curve.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal contraceptive use diminishes salivary cortisol response to psychosocial stress and naltrexone in healthy women

Roche

King

Cohoon

et al. 2013

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Residual ovarian activity has been demonstrated in women taking older preparations [3]. Residual ovarian activity has been demonstrated in women taking older preparations [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A comparison of the effects of two monophasic low dose oral contraceptives on the inhibition of ovulation

Fitzgerald

Feichtinger²,

Spona³

et al. 1994

Adv Contracept

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Fifty-three women were randomly allocated to one of two combined low-dose monophasic oral contraceptives (20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol with 75 micrograms gestodene or 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol with 150 micrograms desogestrel). The ability of these formulations to inhibit ovulation was compared using hormonal parameters and ovarian ultrasound. The effects on three treated cycles were compared with pre- and post-treatment cycles. No ovulations occurred in either group during therapy. Twenty-one percent of women were observed to show some follicle-like structures accompanied by raised serum estradiol in at least one treatment cycle. No significant differences between the two preparations were demonstrated on residual ovarian function. The secretion of estradiol and progesterone was significantly reduced throughout all three treatment cycles. Mean LH and FSH concentrations were comparable with both treatments. A secondary analysis of cycle control and tolerance was undertaken. Significantly less bleeding was seen in the gestodene group during cycle 2 (p = 0.02). There were no differences between the two treatments with respect to the other cycle control parameters. Approximately half the women recorded intracyclic bleeding during the first treatment cycle. This improved during cycles 2 and 3. Both formulations were tolerated well.

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“…Ovarian follicular development is not completely suppressed during OC use. Ovulatory and anovulatory follicles have been reported in women taking OC (10 -37), and endogenous E 2 levels reportedly attain preovulatory levels (10,15,16,26,31,38,39). The incidence of follicular activity during OC use depends on the type and dose of steroid hormones used in the formulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of oral contraceptives administered at defined stages of ovarian follicular development

Baerwald¹,

Olatunbosun²,

Pierson³

2006

Fertility and Sterility

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Effects of a Low-oestrogen Oral Contraceptive on Urinary Excretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Ovarian Steroids

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Hormonal contraceptive use diminishes salivary cortisol response to psychosocial stress and naltrexone in healthy women

Hormonal contraceptive use diminishes salivary cortisol response to psychosocial stress and naltrexone in healthy women

A comparison of the effects of two monophasic low dose oral contraceptives on the inhibition of ovulation

Effects of oral contraceptives administered at defined stages of ovarian follicular development

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