Effects of a herbicide formulation, Tordon 75D®, and its individual components on the oxidative functions of mitochondria

Oakes, Diana J.; Pollak, John K.

doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00055-4

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Mitochondrial structural modifications and increased permeability of the pores were also reported when ROS increased (Belizário et al 2007). In contrast, other results suggest that 2,4-D cytotoxic effects are exerted by the induction of apoptosis via a direct effect on mitochondria (Oakes and Pollack 1999;De Moliner et al 2002;Tuschl and Schwab 2003).…”

Section: Electron Microscopic Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Adverse Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Rat Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Were Attenuated by Amphetamine

et al. 2010

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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a worldwide-used herbicide, has been shown to produce a wide range of adverse effects in the health--from embryotoxicity and teratogenicity to neurotoxicity--of animals and humans. In this study, neuronal morphology and biochemical events in rat cerebellar granule cell (CGC) cultures have been analyzed to define some of the possible mechanisms involved in 2,4-D-induced cell death. For that purpose, amphetamine (AMPH) that has been shown to accelerate the recovery of several functions in animals with brain injury has been used as a pharmacologycal tool and was also investigated as a possible protecting agent. Addition of 2,4-D to CGC cultures produced a drastic decrease in cell viability, in association with an increased incidence of necrosis and apoptosis, and an increased level of reactive oxygen species, a decrease in glutathione content, and an abnormal activity of some enzymes with respect to the control group. The adverse effects of 2,4-D were partly attenuated in presence of AMPH. Some deleterious effects on several ultrastructural features of the cells, as well as the enhanced incidence of apoptosis, were partially preserved in AMPH-protected cultures as compared with those which were exposed to 2,4-D alone. The collected evidences (1) confirms the previously observed, deleterious effects of 2.4D on the same or a similar model; (2) suggests that the 2,4-D-induced apoptosis could have been mediated by or associated to an oxidative imbalance in the affected cells, and (3) shows some evidence of a protective effect of AMPH on 2,4-D-induced cell death, which could have been exerted through a reduction in the oxidative stress.

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Section: Electron Microscopic Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Adverse Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Rat Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Were Attenuated by Amphetamine

et al. 2010

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“…In 1997, the U.S. EPA issued Pesticide Regulation Notice 97-6, which encourages the use of the words "other ingredients" to describe any ingredient in a pesticide product that is not intended to affect a target pest (U.S. EPA 1998). Oakes and Pollak (1999) studied the effects of the herbicide Tordon 75D and its components 2,4-D and picloram on the oxidative functions of mitochondria and showed that inhibition of oxidation was caused solely by the surfactant present in the formulation. Concentrations of 2,4-D and picloram 136 times higher than those found in the commercial formulation were required to inhibit mitochondria when the surfactant was removed from the experiment.…”

Section: Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity of a commercial herbicide mixture in mice: I. Effects on embryo implantation and litter size.

Cavieres

Jaeger

Porter

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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We investigated the developmental toxicity in mice of a common commercial formulation of herbicide containing a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), mecoprop, dicamba, and inactive ingredients. Pregnant mice were exposed to one of four different doses of the herbicide mixture diluted in their drinking water, either during preimplantation and organogenesis or only during organogenesis. Litter size, birth weight, and crown-rump length were determined at birth, and pups were allowed to lactate and grow without additional herbicide exposure so that they could be subjected to additional immune, endocrine, and behavioral studies, the results of which will be reported in a separate article. At weaning, dams were sacrificed, and the number of implantation sites was determined. The data, although apparently influenced by season, showed an inverted or U-shaped dose-response pattern for reduced litter size, with the low end of the dose range producing the greatest decrease in the number of live pups born. The decrease in litter size was associated with a decrease in the number of implantation sites, but only at very low and low environmentally relevant doses. Fetotoxicity, as evidenced by a decrease in weight and crown-rump length of the newborn pups or embryo resorption, was not significantly different in the herbicide-treated litters.

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“…Surfactants and detergents may increase pesticide bioavailability and enhance biological responses. For instance, Oakes and Pollak (1999) concluded that the surfactant in a commercial formulation of 2,4-D was implicated in the alteration of mitochondrial processes since the formulation induced changes at a lower dose than 2,4-D.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro studies have mainly looked at the effect of the herbicide on hepatocytes and red blood cells (Palmeira et al, 1994(Palmeira et al, , 1995Oakes and Pollak, 1999;Bukowska et al, 2000;Duchnowicz and Koter, 2003, among others) while in vivo oxidative activity has been shown in different species including yeast (Teixeira et al, 2004), plants (Romero-Puertas et al, 2004), fish (Ozcan and Uner, 2000;Ozcan et al, 2004) and rats (Celik et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid administration on markers of oxidative stress during early pregnancy in mice

2007

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Effects of a herbicide formulation, Tordon 75D®, and its individual components on the oxidative functions of mitochondria

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

Adverse Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Rat Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Were Attenuated by Amphetamine

Adverse Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Rat Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Were Attenuated by Amphetamine

Developmental toxicity of a commercial herbicide mixture in mice: I. Effects on embryo implantation and litter size.

Lack of effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid administration on markers of oxidative stress during early pregnancy in mice

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