Effects and Clinical Significance of GII.4 Sydney Norovirus, United States, 2012–2013

Leshem, Eyal; Wikswo, Mary E.; Barclay, Leslie; Brandt, Eric; Storm, William; Salehi, Ellen; DeSalvo, Traci; Davis, Tim D.; Saupe, Amy; Dobbins, Ginette; Booth, Hillary; Biggs, Christianne; Garman, Katie; Woron, Amy M.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Vinjé, Jan; Hall, Aron J.

doi:10.3201/eid1908.130458

Cited by 68 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The presence of a variety of genotypes in Sergipe and the periodic shift of GII.4 variants (i.e., GII.4 New-Orleans_2009 and GII.4 Sydney_2012) reflects the emergence worldwide of GII.4 variants [29,[31][32][33][34][35][36], confirming that the NoV genotypes have a wide geographical distribution. The increased detection of GII.4 could be explained by GII.4 theoretically causing more severe disease than other genotypes [31,37], but GII.4 diarrhoea severity in our patients was similar to other genotypes and we do not have evidence of an increased severity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil

Santos

Gurgel

Cavalcante

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Running title: Norovirus diarrhoea in children in BrazilWord count: Abstract: 199. Manuscript: 2255. Highlights Gastroenteritis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in children.  Noroviruses are a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.  Norovirus annual detection rates increased over the study period.  The detection of norovirus was higher among young children. AbstractBackground: Gastroenteritis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil

Santos

Gurgel

Cavalcante

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Data from August 2012-April 2013 monitored by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that compared with other norovirus strains, GII.4 Sydney outbreaks disproportionally affected older persons, consistent with the observed predilection toward long-term care facilities (12). Patients affected by GII.4 Sydney were more likely to have diarrheal illness and less likely to have vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Epidemiological Investigation of a Norovirus GII.4 Sydney Outbreak in a China Elder Care Facility

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY: An outbreak of norovirus GII.4/Sydney_2012 affected a China elder care facility in December 2012. A total of 39 elderly people and staff met the outbreak case definition. The attack rates in the elderly and the staff were 15.9z (31/195) and 23.2z (19/82), respectively, including 13 asymptomatic cases in the staff. The result of gene sequencing revealed that the outbreak was caused by norovirus GII.4 Sydney. The mode of transmission of this outbreak was proven to be person-to-person. The first case (a self-cared elder) was affected outside the elder care facility and was not isolated after returning. Norovirus was transmitted via close contact among the self-cared elderly. Then, through servicerelated close contact, the attendants promoted the cross-transmission between the self-cared elderly and the nursed elderly. The virus was also spread among the staff via daily contact. In the elder care facility, the asymptomatic cases in the attendants played an important role in the transmission of norovirus, which deserves high attention.

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“…This may explain the increased number of outbreaks when GII.4 Den Haag emerged in 2006. In contrast, no increase in outbreak activity was observed when GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney emerged, which may be a consequence of similar affinity for HBGAs [36, 37]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic, Virologic, and Host Genetic Factors of Norovirus Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities

et al. 2015

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Background In the Unites States, long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are the most common setting for norovirus outbreaks. These outbreaks provide a unique opportunity to better characterize the viral and host characteristics of norovirus disease. Methods We enrolled 43 LTCFs prospectively to study the epidemiology, virology, and genetic host factors of naturally occurring norovirus outbreaks. Acute and convalescent stool, serum, and saliva samples from cases, exposed and nonexposed controls were collected. Norovirus infection was confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing of stool samples or 4-fold increase in serum antibody titers. The presence of histo-blood group antigens (secretor, ABO, and Lewis type) was determined in saliva. Results Sixty-two cases, 34 exposed controls, and 18 nonexposed controls from 10 norovirus outbreaks were enrolled. Forty-six percent of acute, 27% of convalescent case, and 11% of control stool samples tested norovirus positive. Outbreak genotypes were GII.4 (Den Haag, n = 3; New Orleans, n = 4; and Sydney, n = 2) and GI.1 (n = 1). Viral load in GII.4 Sydney outbreaks was significantly higher than in outbreaks caused by other genotypes; cases and controls shed similar amounts of virus. Forty-seven percent of cases shed virus for ≥21 days. Symptomatic infections with GII.4 Den Haag and GII.4 New Orleans were detected among nonsecretor individuals. Conclusions Almost half of all symptomatic individuals shed virus for at least 21 days. Viral load was highest in GII.4 viruses that most recently emerged; these viruses also infect the nonsecretor population. These findings will help to guide development of targeted prevention and control measures in the elderly.

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Effects and Clinical Significance of GII.4 Sydney Norovirus, United States, 2012–2013

Cited by 68 publications

References 18 publications

Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil

Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil

Epidemiological Investigation of a Norovirus GII.4 Sydney Outbreak in a China Elder Care Facility

Epidemiologic, Virologic, and Host Genetic Factors of Norovirus Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities

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