“…Laboratory research has shown potential use of tramadol as an antidepressant in rodent models (Mico ´et al, 2003;Faron-Go ´recka, Kus ´mider, Inan, Siwanowicz, & Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, 2004;Jesse, Wilhelm, Bortolatto, & Nogueira, 2010;Hopwood, Owesson, Callado, McLaughlin, & Stamford, 2001). Depression is a mood disorder effecting 10% to 25% of women and 5% to 12% percent of men and is characterized by features including; dysphoria, anhedonia, apathy, fatigue, weight fluctuation, sleep disorder, psychomotor agitation or retardation, an inability to focus, and recurrent thoughts of death (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).…”