Effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens: living systematic review with network meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens with and without boosting in preventing covid-19 related infection, hospital admission, and death. Design Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources World Health Organization covid-19 databases, including 38 sources of published studies and preprints. Study selection Randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Methods 38 WHO covid-19 databases were searched on a weekly basis from 8 March 2022. Studies that assessed the effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens with or without a booster were identified. Studies were eligible when they reported the number of documented, symptomatic, severe covid-19 infections, covid-19 related hospital admissions, or covid-19 related deaths among populations that were vaccinated and unvaccinated. The primary measure was vaccine effectiveness calculated as 1−odds ratio. Secondary measures were surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) scores and the relative effects for pairwise comparisons. The risk of bias was evaluated by using the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for all cohort and case-control studies. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (version 2; ROB-2) was used to assess randomised controlled trials. Results The first round of the analysis comprised 53 studies. 24 combinations of covid-19 vaccine regimens were identified, of which a three dose mRNA regimen was found to be the most effective against asymptomatic and symptomatic covid-19 infections (vaccine effectiveness 96%, 95% credible interval 72% to 99%). Heterologous boosting using two dose adenovirus vector vaccines with one mRNA vaccine has a satisfactory vaccine effectiveness of 88% (59% to 97%). A homologous two dose mRNA regimen has a vaccine effectiveness of 99% (79% to 100%) in the prevention of severe covid-19 infections. Three dose mRNA is the most effective in reducing covid-19 related hospital admission (95%, 90% to 97%). The vaccine effectiveness against death in people who received three doses of mRNA vaccine remains uncertain owing to confounders. In the subgroup analyses, a three dose regimen is similarly effective in all age groups, even in the older population (≥65 years). A three dose mRNA regimen works comparably well in patients who are immunocompromised and those who are non-immunocompromised. Homologous and heterologous three dose regimens are effective in preventing infection by covid-19 variants (alpha, delta, and omicron). Conclusion An mRNA booster is recommended to supplement any primary vaccine course. Heterologous and homologous three dose regimens work comparably well in preventing covid-19 infections, even against different variants. The effectiveness of three dose vaccine regimens against covid-19 related death remains uncertain. Systematic review registration This review was not registered. The protocol is included in the supplementary document. Readers’ note This article is a living systematic review that will be updated to reflect emerging evidence. Updates may occur for up to two years from the date of original publication.

Antibody titers after a third dose of the SARS‐CoV‐2 BNT162b2 vaccine in immunocompromised adults in Greece: Is a fourth dose necessary?

“…Further, that a three-dose regimen is similarly effective in all age groups, even in people over 65. 15 Finally, in our study seven participants were infected with the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), 2-5 months after the third dose. Owing to the large number of mutations in the spike protein, 16 there is concern that this variant will exhibit substantial escape from vaccineelicited immunity.…”

“…In accordance with our study are the results of a recently published very interesting network meta‐analysis which found that the effect of two‐dose mRNA vaccines is weaker in those who are immunocompromised than in those who are non‐immunocompromised but a three‐dose mRNA regimen works comparably well in the non‐immunocompromised and immunocompromised individuals. Further, that a three‐dose regimen is similarly effective in all age groups, even in people over 65 15 …”

Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences

“…All one- and two-dose regimens failed in effectiveness against Delta and Omicron variants. A booster third dose is required to achieve the vaccine effectiveness agains new variants of concern [ 127 ].…”

Neutralization Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants after Booster Vaccination in Populations without COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis

“…Although some studies on COVID-19 booster vaccinations have been carried out, there is still a lack of a systematic description of homologous and heterologous booster vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Besides, many studies only estimated the vaccine effectiveness rather than immunogenicity, so they cannot accurately represent the vaccine’s efficacy against a particular SARS-CoV-2 variant [ 12 , 13 ]. Therefore, our study will be the first summarizing the clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine booster shots to compare the neutralization activity against the wild type and variants (Beta, Delta, and Omicron) in different prime–boost vaccination regimens, providing a useful reference for the recommendation of booster vaccinations.…”