“…In response to these calls, there is an emerging, and growing, body of literature. Some examples of the STEM initiatives and activities that have been studied include STEM dual enrollment courses (Corin et al, 2020), STEM summer camps or programs (Bhattacharyya et al, 2011; Boedeker et al, 2015; Donnelly et al, 2016; Fields, 2009; Houser et al, 2015; Johnson, 2016; Kitchen, Sadler, & Sonnert, 2018; Kitchen, Sonnert, & Sadler, 2018; Stolle-McAllister, 2011; Tomasko et al, 2016), after-school STEM activities (Allen et al, 2019), science hobbies (Corin et al, 2018; Jones et al, 2019), 4-H (Mielke & Butler, 2013), science fairs (Schmidt & Kelter, 2017), STEM competitions (Sahin et al, 2015), STEM-focused campus visits (Kitchen et al, 2020; Woolston et al, 1997), and educational robotics activities (Nugent et al, 2016). The majority of these studies have examined the impact of the respective activities and initiatives on outcomes like college GPA, college enrollment, persistence, STEM skills and knowledge, and STEM identity, belonging, and community development.…”