Effective PPG sensor placement for reflected red and green light, and infrared wristband-type photoplethysmography

Lee, Seung Min; Shin, Hyunsoon; Hahm, ChanYoung

doi:10.1109/icact.2016.7423470

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A conclusion regarding the higher validity of PPG due to different wavelengths when comparing both devices in the present study could not be made. Even though the Cosinuss°One measures with green light while the Dash Pro uses infrared light, significant differences in the measurement accuracy and precision could not be shown, opposing the suggestion that the use of green LEDs allows a more accurate and precise detection of the pulse rate [9,29,30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-Ear Pulse Rate Measurement: A Valid Alternative to Heart Rate Derived from Electrocardiography?

Passler

Müller

Senner

2019

Sensors

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Heart rate measurement has become one of the most widely used methods of monitoring the intensity of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess whether in-ear photoplethysmographic (PPG) pulse rate (PR) measurement devices represent a valid alternative to heart rate derived from electrocardiography (ECG), which is considered a gold standard. Twenty subjects (6 women, 14 men) completed one trial of graded cycling under laboratory conditions. In the trial, PR was recorded by two commercially available in-ear devices, the Dash Pro and the Cosinuss°One. They were compared to HR measured by a Bodyguard2 ECG. Validity of the in-ear PR measurement devices was tested by ANOVA, mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman plots. Both devices achieved a MAPE ≤5%. Despite excellent to good levels of agreement, Bland–Altman plots showed that both in-ear devices tend to slightly underestimate the ECG’s HR values. It may be concluded that in-ear PPG PR measurement is a promising technique that shows accurate but imprecise results under controlled conditions. However, PPG PR measurement in the ear is sensitive to motion artefacts. Thus, accuracy and precision of the measured PR depend highly on measurement site, stress situation, and exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the stronger plethysmography signal, the green spectrum of light is more suited for optical pulse rate measurement [9]. The use of green LEDs allows a more accurate detection of the pulse rate [9,29,30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Ear Pulse Rate Measurement: A Valid Alternative to Heart Rate Derived from Electrocardiography?

Passler

Müller

Senner

2019

Sensors

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“…The IR PPG signal for the Byteflies device and green PPG for the Biovotion device each showed the greatest physiological signal component on visual inspection. [17][18][19] The Empatica does not provide raw PPG values but rather provides blood volume pulse (BVP), a derived signal calculated from the red and green raw PPG signals. The BVP shows pulsatile blood flow features but is similar to the PPG signal, as the slowly varying respiratory component is removed.…”

Section: Data Labelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For EDA, 1-minute data segments with <4 seconds of artifact were labeled good quality. Marginal-quality data segments had both tonic and phasic EDA components, but each segment contained at least 4 seconds of artifacts (sharp changes 17 ). The Empatica E4 device returns values <0.05 µS when not in contact with skin (for example, with a garment under the device), and zero when entirely off the subject.…”

Section: Data Labelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal quality and patient experience with wearable devices for epilepsy management

et al. 2020

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Noninvasive wearable devices have great potential to aid the management of epilepsy, but these devices must have robust signal quality, and patients must be willing to wear them for long periods of time. Automated machine learning classification of wearable biosensor signals requires quantitative measures of signal quality to automatically reject poor‐quality or corrupt data segments. In this study, commercially available wearable sensors were placed on patients with epilepsy undergoing in‐hospital or in‐home electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, and healthy volunteers. Empatica E4 and Biovotion Everion were used to record accelerometry (ACC), photoplethysmography (PPG), and electrodermal activity (EDA). Byteflies Sensor Dots were used to record ACC and PPG, the Activinsights GENEActiv watch to record ACC, and Epitel Epilog to record EEG data. PPG and EDA signals were recorded for multiple days, then epochs of high‐quality, marginal‐quality, or poor‐quality data were visually identified by reviewers, and reviewer annotations were compared to automated signal quality measures. For ACC, the ratio of spectral power from 0.8 to 5 Hz to broadband power was used to separate good‐quality signals from noise. For EDA, the rate of amplitude change and prevalence of sharp peaks significantly differentiated between good‐quality data and noise. Spectral entropy was used to assess PPG and showed significant differences between good‐, marginal‐, and poor‐quality signals. EEG data were evaluated using methods to identify a spectral noise cutoff frequency. Patients were asked to rate the usability and comfort of each device in several categories. Patients showed a significant preference for the wrist‐worn devices, and the Empatica E4 device was preferred most often. Current wearable devices can provide high‐quality data and are acceptable for routine use, but continued development is needed to improve data quality, consistency, and management, as well as acceptability to patients.

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“…While many studies have been previously conducted into the placement of PPG sensors for pulse oximetry [5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], few studies have been conducted for a suitable location to collect heart rate, SpO 2 , and respiration. Kramer et al [10] developed a new pulse oximeter for use at non-traditional anatomical locations for the measurement of heart rate, SpO 2 , and respiration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Reflective Photoplethysmography for Detection of Heart Rate, Blood Oxygen Saturation, and Respiration Rate at Various Anatomical Locations

Longmore

Lui

Naik

et al. 2019

Sensors

100

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Monitoring of vital signs is critical for patient triage and management. Principal assessments of patient conditions include respiratory rate heart/pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation. However, these assessments are usually carried out with multiple sensors placed in different body locations. The aim of this paper is to identify a single location on the human anatomy whereby a single 1 cm × 1 cm non-invasive sensor could simultaneously measure heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and respiration rate (RR), at rest and while walking. To evaluate the best anatomical location, we analytically compared eight anatomical locations for photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors simultaneously acquired by a single microprocessor at rest and while walking, with a comparison to a commercial pulse oximeter and respiration rate ground truth. Our results show that the forehead produced the most accurate results for HR and SpO2 both at rest and walking, however, it had poor RR results. The finger recorded similar results for HR and SpO2, however, it had more accurate RR results. Overall, we found the finger to be the best location for measurement of all three parameters at rest; however, no site was identified as capable of measuring all parameters while walking.

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Effective PPG sensor placement for reflected red and green light, and infrared wristband-type photoplethysmography

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

In-Ear Pulse Rate Measurement: A Valid Alternative to Heart Rate Derived from Electrocardiography?

In-Ear Pulse Rate Measurement: A Valid Alternative to Heart Rate Derived from Electrocardiography?

Signal quality and patient experience with wearable devices for epilepsy management

A Comparison of Reflective Photoplethysmography for Detection of Heart Rate, Blood Oxygen Saturation, and Respiration Rate at Various Anatomical Locations

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