We present a first-principles study of anomaly induced transport phenomena by performing real-time lattice simulations with dynamical fermions coupled simultaneously to non-Abelian SU(N_{c}) and Abelian U(1) gauge fields. Investigating the behavior of vector and axial currents during a sphaleron transition in the presence of an external magnetic field, we demonstrate how the interplay of the chiral magnetic and chiral separation effect leads to the formation of a propagating wave. We further analyze the dependence of the magnitude of the induced vector current and the propagation of the wave on the amount of explicit chiral symmetry breaking due to finite quark masses.

Heart rate measurement has become one of the most widely used methods of monitoring the intensity of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess whether in-ear photoplethysmographic (PPG) pulse rate (PR) measurement devices represent a valid alternative to heart rate derived from electrocardiography (ECG), which is considered a gold standard. Twenty subjects (6 women, 14 men) completed one trial of graded cycling under laboratory conditions. In the trial, PR was recorded by two commercially available in-ear devices, the Dash Pro and the Cosinuss°One. They were compared to HR measured by a Bodyguard2 ECG. Validity of the in-ear PR measurement devices was tested by ANOVA, mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman plots. Both devices achieved a MAPE ≤5%. Despite excellent to good levels of agreement, Bland–Altman plots showed that both in-ear devices tend to slightly underestimate the ECG’s HR values. It may be concluded that in-ear PPG PR measurement is a promising technique that shows accurate but imprecise results under controlled conditions. However, PPG PR measurement in the ear is sensitive to motion artefacts. Thus, accuracy and precision of the measured PR depend highly on measurement site, stress situation, and exercise.

Controlling chemical reactions by light, i.e., the selective making and breaking of chemical bonds in a desired way with strong-field lasers, is a long-held dream in science. An essential step toward achieving this goal is to understand the interactions of atomic and molecular systems with intense laser light. The main focus of experiments that were performed thus far was on quantum-state population changes. Phase-shaped laser pulses were used to control the population of final states, also, by making use of quantum interference of different pathways. However, the quantum-mechanical phase of these final states, governing the system's response and thus the subsequent temporal evolution and dynamics of the system, was not systematically analyzed. Here, we demonstrate a generalized phase-control concept for complex systems in the liquid phase. In this scheme, the intensity of a control laser pulse acts as a control knob to manipulate the quantum-mechanical phase evolution of excited states. This control manifests itself in the phase of the molecule's dipole response accessible via its absorption spectrum. As reported here, the shape of a broad molecular absorption band is significantly modified for laser pulse intensities ranging from the weak perturbative to the strongfield regime. This generalized phase-control concept provides a powerful tool to interpret and understand the strong-field dynamics and control of large molecules in external pulsed laser fields. C an we find universal concepts to understand and control the response of atoms and molecules in interactions with strong laser fields? This question is at the heart of a vast number of experiments in time-resolved spectroscopy (1-30). The wide range of light sources spanning the spectral range from the X-ray (e.g., free-electron laser sources, synchrotrons) over the visible (conventional laser systems) to the far-infrared regime and covering the temporal range from nanosecond down to attosecond time scales created a wealth of new physics insight into quantum mechanisms, however mostly of simple systems in the gas phase (1-4). In chemistry, the generation of femtosecond laser pulses enabled the investigation of wave packet dynamics in molecules, as the induced vibrations occur on these time scales. Experiments focusing on, for instance, dissociation reactions, atom transfer, isomerization, or solvation dynamics have led to a deeper understanding of chemical bonds and their breakage dynamics and have opened and established the field of femtochemistry (5, 6). The aim is not only to study the light−matter interaction, but to use the obtained understanding of the processes to control the dynamics in complex molecules and, in the future, even to be able to control chemical reactions (7-10). Shaping the amplitude and phase of femtosecond laser pulses has been used, for example, to control the shape of wavefunctions in atomic systems (11) or to control and optimize the single-photon and multiphoton fluorescence in atoms such as cesium (12) and complex systems, e.g....

An in vitro investigation of a quantum cascade laser-based transflection optofluidic interface for the continuous glucose monitoring in biofluids is presented with respect to its glucose sensitivity and specificity, its glucose exchange time, its resistance against temperature variations and its long-term stability.