“…Many studies have focused on transition-metal surfaces, − metal oxides, , or metal atoms coordinated on substrate surfaces. ,− However, the cost, abundance, and toxicity are always issues for these precious metals. Carbon-based catalysts have an advantage in environmental friendliness, durability, high mobility, and flexible synthesis of different motifs. − The modification of electronic structures is one of the straightforward strategies to improve material properties, and many have utilized B, N, or P atom doping toward sp 2 (graphene) and sp 3 (nanodiamond) carbon atoms for nonmetal catalysis. − However, studies concerning the combination of sp–sp 2 hybrid systems are relatively scarce.…”