2004
DOI: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000125688.05091.8f
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Effect of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Nocturnal Sleep and Early-Morning Behavior in Young Adults

Abstract: The effects of cannabis extracts on nocturnal sleep, early-morning performance, memory, and sleepiness were studied in 8 healthy volunteers (4 males, 4 females; 21 to 34 years). The study was double-blind and placebo-controlled with a 4-way crossover design. The 4 treatments were placebo, 15 mg Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 5 mg THC combined with 5 mg cannabidiol (CBD), and 15 mg THC combined with 15 mg CBD. These were formulated in 50:50 ethanol to propylene glycol and administered using an oromucosal s… Show more

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Cited by 264 publications
(185 citation statements)
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References 18 publications
(17 reference statements)
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“…All were heavy marijuana users who smoked marijuana on a daily basis and might have developed tolerance to many marijuana related cognitive effects. In the present study, heavy daily users of marijuana were not included in order to exclude confounding by residual impairment of recent THC use shown to persist in abstinent marijuana users (Fried et al, 2005;Haney et al, 1999;Nicholson et al, 2004;Pope et al, 2001). Subjects in the present study, thus, were light marijuana users that may have been more sensitive to THC effects as compared to the heavy daily users.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…All were heavy marijuana users who smoked marijuana on a daily basis and might have developed tolerance to many marijuana related cognitive effects. In the present study, heavy daily users of marijuana were not included in order to exclude confounding by residual impairment of recent THC use shown to persist in abstinent marijuana users (Fried et al, 2005;Haney et al, 1999;Nicholson et al, 2004;Pope et al, 2001). Subjects in the present study, thus, were light marijuana users that may have been more sensitive to THC effects as compared to the heavy daily users.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…44 This effect of CBD may be biphasic, since in low doses (15 mg) the cannabinoid appears to have alerting properties in healthy volunteers, as it increases wakefulness during sleep and counteracts the residual sedative activity of 15 mg THC. 45 Previous reports of subjective feelings by healthy volunteers after CBD (1 mg/Kg) showed a significant increase in "clear minded" and "quick-witted" feelings, in contrast with THC (0.5 mg/Kg) that induced an increase in "muzzy" 46 feelings. In agreement with the two last observations, intracerebroventricular administration of CBD in rats during the lights-on period increased wakefulness (W) and decreased rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), probably through increased dopamine release.…”
Section: Sedative Actionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Specifically, CBD administration has been shown to have sleep-inducing (with a 20 mg/kg dose) and sleepmaintenance (with a 40 mg/kg dose) qualities in rats, with tolerance to these effects developing after long-term administration [8]. However, among humans, administration of CBD (i.e., 15 mg) has been shown to have an alerting affect, which can counter the sedating qualities of Δ 9 -THC [17]. Despite the disparate findings regarding the individual effects of Δ 9 -THC and CBD, when combined, Δ 9 -THC and CBD appear to have an antagonistic effect on each other in terms of the sleep-wake cycle [8,18].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%