Effect of Zinc Complexes as Activator for Sulfur Vulcanization in Various Rubbers

Heideman, Geert; Noordermeer, Jacobus W.M.; Datta, Raja; Baarle, B. van

doi:10.5254/1.3547881

Cited by 77 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…According to Heideman et al [7] different reactivities of zinc complexes result from their different basicity. The alkaline character of activator accelerates the sulphur vulcanization of rubber.…”

Section: Effect Of Zinc Complexes On Vulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complexes of Zn 2+ ions with accelerators are believed to be more reactive than the free accelerator and allow sulphur insertion to occur more rapidly [6]. Next, the complexes interact with sulphur or sulphur donors, generating the active sulphurating agent, which reacts with allylic sites of rubber chains to form crosslink precursors [7]. Forming these rubber bound intermediates is a key stage in accelerated sulphur vulcanization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc chelates as new activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer

Przybyszewska¹,

Zaborski²,

Jakubowski³

et al. 2009

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The goal of this work was to apply several zinc chelates as activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrilebutadiene elastomer (NBR), in order to find alternatives for the conventionally used zinc oxide. In this article, we discuss the effects of different zinc complexes on the cure characteristics, crosslinks distribution in the elastomer network and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. Zinc chelates seem to be good substitutes for zinc oxide as activators for sulphur vulcanization of NBR rubber, without detrimental effects on the crosslinking process and physical properties of the obtained vulcanizates. Moreover, application of zinc complexes allows to reduce the amount of zinc ions in rubber compounds by 40% compared to conventionally crosslinked vulcanizates with zinc oxide. It is a very important ecological goal since zinc oxide is classified as toxic to aquatic species and its amount in rubber products must be reduced below 2.5% at least. From a technological point of view it is a very important challenge.

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Section: Effect Of Zinc Complexes On Vulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc chelates as new activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer

Przybyszewska¹,

Zaborski²,

Jakubowski³

et al. 2009

Express Polym. Lett.

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show abstract

“…Das et al [10] developed a rubber composite based on zinc-stearate-modified LDH with NBR that does not require the incorporation of ZnO and stearic acid in the sulfuric curing system. In our work, the advantage of using unmodified magnesium/aluminum LDH in elastomer systems (XNBR or its hydrogenated counterpart HXNBR) lays in the possibility of full replacement of conventional metal oxide curatives used for functionalized elastomers (XNBR, HXNBR), particularly ZnO, which is believed to be harmful for the environment [22]. While crosslinking XNBR with a conventional sulfur vulcanizing system or ZnO is well known and commonly used, the application of magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides MgAl-LDH for crosslinking process of XNBR is still a relatively new approach.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic elastomers based on carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (hydrotalcite)

Laskowska

Zaborski²,

Boiteux

et al. 2014

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The presence of carboxyl groups in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) allows it to be cured with different agents. This study considers the effect of crosslinking of XNBR by magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH), known also as hydrotalcite (HT), on rheometric, mechano-dynamical and barrier properties. Results of XNBR/HT composites containing various HT loadings without conventional curatives are compared with XNBR compound crosslinked with commonly used zinc oxide. Hydrotalcite acts as an effective crosslinking agent for XNBR, as is particularly evident from rheometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The existence of ionic crosslinks was also detected by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the resulting composites. DMA studies revealed that the XNBR/HT composites exhibited two transitions -one occurring at low temperature is associated to the T g of elastomer and the second at high temperature corresponds to the ionic transition temperature T i . Simultaneous application of HT as a curing agent and a filler may deliver not only environmentally friendly, zinc oxide-free rubber product but also ionic elastomer composite with excellent mechanical, barrier and transparent properties.

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“…In conjunction with that, it was also noticed that the cure time (t 90 ) of the NR compounds in the presence of the MgO were found to some extent lower than the NR compound with ZnO utilization. It was reported that MgO possess slightly slow rate of cure during vulcanization reaction [2][3][4][5][6], hence lower t 90 values achieved for NR compounds with MgO loadings were much expected. Meanwhile, the MH, which can be regarded as a measure of modulus were found increased with increased of the MgO loadings and similar trend was observed on the ML values, which represent the rubber compounds' viscosity behavior.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, zinc oxide (ZnO) was used to catalyze rubber vulcanization process. Its mechanism during vulcanization process [4,8,9,12] and its effects on the properties of the vulcanizates [3][4][5][6][7]9,11] has long been known and investigated. However, ZnO release into the environment that occurs during production, disposal and recycling of rubber products, which is in soluble zinc compounds is classified as ecotoxic to aquatic organisms [5,7,[9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Performance of Magnesium Oxide at Different Sizes as Activator for Natural Rubber Vulcanization

2016

IJACEBS

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Abstract-It is generally known that activator containing zinc-compounds has been extensively used in the rubber industry due to its outstanding ability in promoting beneficial effects to the rubber products. Ever since these compounds were identified having negative environmental effects as well as contributing to mould fouling during rubber products manufacturing, various approaches have been considered by the rubber manufacturers in reducing its utilization. Among all the alternatives proposed, an approach of utilizing magnesium oxide (MgO) seems to be promising. A lot of research has been conducted on the performance of the typical MgO in affecting natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates, but limited works had been performed in evaluating the activating properties of the nano-sized MgO in NR. Therefore, in this study, affects MgO sizes at various loadings on the vulcanization reaction and vulcanizates properties of NR are investigated. The normally used zinc-containing compound was employed as an activator in the vulcanization of NR for comparison purposes. Gauging on the cure characteristics, it was found that nano-sized MgO performed better; as it exhibited faster onset time, lower cure time (t 90 ) with greater physical properties, as compared to the typical MgO. Morphological observations on images taken from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis demonstrated that nano-sized MgO appeared in smaller aggregates with even aggregates distributions throughout the rubber matrix, in comparison to the aggregates behavior of the typical MgO. The aggregates for both sizes of MgO particles were found intensified with higher amount of MgO present in the vulcanization system, which accounted for reversion in the NR vulcanizate performances. Although the overall performance of the nano-sized MgO in NR vulcanization surpassed the typical MgO used in the similar discipline; nevertheless, the findings obtained were to some extent lower in comparison to the NR vulcanizate performance containing normally used zinc-containing compound. On the whole, MgO has some ways behaved as the zinc-containing compound, but the role of the MgO as an alternative activator for NR vulcanization should be further investigated, specifically for the nano-sized MgO in enhancing its reactivity within the NR compounds.

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Effect of Zinc Complexes as Activator for Sulfur Vulcanization in Various Rubbers

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

Zinc chelates as new activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer

Zinc chelates as new activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer

Ionic elastomers based on carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (hydrotalcite)

Evaluating Performance of Magnesium Oxide at Different Sizes as Activator for Natural Rubber Vulcanization

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