Effect of Xylitol on the Growth and Glycolysis of Acidogenic Oral Bacteria

Vadeboncoeur, Christian; Trahan, L.; Mouton, Christian; Mayrand, D.

doi:10.1177/00220345830620080601

Cited by 83 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…No statistically significant inhibition of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis growth was seen. The growth pattern of S. mutans was found to resemble that reported previously (13,16,18). The advantage of xylitol for caries prevention is well documented and is, for the most part, connected with a reduction in the growth of S. mutans.…”

Section: Fig 2 In Vitro Growth Of S Mitissupporting

confidence: 78%

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Effect of xylitol on growth of nasopharyngeal bacteria in vitro

Kontiokari

Uhari

Koskela

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

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Xylitol is known to reduce caries by inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. We hypothesized that xylitol could also affect the growth of other nasopharyngeal bacterial flora, which could be important when considering respiratory infections caused by these bacteria. We studied this in vitro by adding xylitol to the medium and observed that 1 and 5% xylitol reduced markedly the growth of alpha-hemolytic streptococci, including S. pneumoniae. It reduced slightly the growth of beta-hemolytic streptococci but not that of Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis. The inhibitory growth pattern was similar to that previously seen with S. mutans, which may indicate a similarity in the enzymatic processing of five-carbon sugars such as xylitol. This sugar alcohol is a widely used sweetener, and the concentrations used in our experiments are easily achieved in the oral cavity. If xylitol reduces the growth of S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx, it could also reduce the carriage of this pathogen and thus have clinical significance in the prevention of pneumococcal diseases.Being a five-carbon sugar alcohol, xylitol is not fermented by most oral microorganisms, such as Streptococcus mutans (3), although most S. mutans strains are able to transport xylitol into the cell via the fructose phosphotransferase system (1a). Once in the cell, it is phosphorylated to xylitol-5-phosphate, which then has to be expelled from the cell (16). This futile energy-consuming xylitol cycle is thought to be responsible for the inhibition of S. mutans growth observed both in vitro and in vivo when the bacteria are exposed to xylitol (16).It has been shown on several occasions that regular consumption of xylitol reduces the incidence of caries, although the mechanisms are not clearly understood (2,6,9,14,15). The most significant effect so far demonstrated is its ability to reduce the growth and acid production of S. mutans. Research into caries has not shown any other major changes in the oral flora, except occasionally a reduction in other oral streptococci (1a, 10, 13, 18).We hypothesized that xylitol could also affect the growth of other bacteria in the nasopharyngeal flora, which could be important when considering respiratory infections caused by these bacteria. S. pneumoniae, in particular, could make use of xylitol in a manner similar to that of S. mutans. To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the growth of some strains of nasopharyngeal bacteria when xylitol was added to the medium. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. Ten strains of S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and five strains of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated from consecutive routine patient middle ear effusion samples or maxillary sinus aspirates. Five strains of S. pyogenes and S. mitis and four strains of group G streptococci were isolated from throat samples of asymptomatic children. Pneumococci, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and beta-hemolytic streptococci were selected because of their ability to cause upper respiratory tract infecti...

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Section: Fig 2 In Vitro Growth Of S Mitissupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Adults can tolerate doses of up to 200 g per day (11) without symptoms, and children can tolerate 45 g per day (1). Most experiments have used xylitol concentrations of 0.5 to 6% (13,16,18). Caries prevention is achieved with doses of 4 to 20 g per day (6,14,15).…”

Section: Fig 2 In Vitro Growth Of S Mitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of xylitol on growth of nasopharyngeal bacteria in vitro

Kontiokari

Uhari

Koskela

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Xylitol have been used to prevent dental caries for the past two decades (24,32). Xylitol inhibits the growth of oral microorganisms, especially S. mutans, one of the primary causative agents of dental caries (45). However, the effect of xylitol on an individual who has periodontal disease has not yet been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhibitory effect of xylitol on the growth of P. gingivalis. Since it has been well known that xylitol inhibits the growth of mutans streptococci (45), the effect of xylitol on the growth of P. gingivalis was investigated. P. gingivalis was cultured for 24 h in anaerobic conditions with various concentrations of xylitol (0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20%) and was measured at an optical density at 660 nm using a spectrophotometer.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Lps-induced Nf-b Activation By Xylitolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Han

Jeong

Nam

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the suspected periodontopathic bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis is a key factor in the development of periodontitis. Inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the gingival tissue destruction that is a characteristic of periodontitis. Macrophages are prominent at chronic inflammatory sites and are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Xylitol stands out and is widely believed to possess anticaries properties. However, to date, little is known about the effect of xylitol on periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to determine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) and interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) expression when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS (hereafter, LPS refers to P. gingivalis LPS unless stated otherwise) and the effect of xylitol on the LPS-induced TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ expression. The kinetics of TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ levels in culture supernatant after LPS treatment showed peak values at 1 h (TNF-␣) and 2 to 4 h (IL-1␤), respectively. NF-B, a transcription factor, was also activated by LPS treatment. These cytokine expressions and NF-B activation were suppressed by pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (an inhibitor of NF-B). Pretreatment with xylitol inhibited LPS-induced TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ gene expression and protein synthesis. LPS-induced mobilization of NF-B was also inhibited by pretreatment with xylitol in a dose-dependent manner. Xylitol also showed inhibitory effect on the growth of P. gingivalis. Taken together, these findings suggest that xylitol may have good clinical effect not only for caries but also for periodontitis by its inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression.

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