Effect of Ultrasound Irradiation on the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/Titanium Oxide Nanocomposites

Abstract

Bioceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, (HAp), can be chemically bound to bone tissue; since they are bioactive and biocompatible. HAp, titanium oxide (TiO2), and hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide (HAp/TiO2) nanocomposite nanoparticles were obtained by ultrasound irradiation assisted by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods at different time intervals, using Ca(NO3)2•4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and TiOSO4•xH2O as calcium, phosphorus, and titanium sources, respectively. HAp, TiO2, and HAp/TiO2 nanocomposite powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy. The percentages of anatase phase for TiO2 and of monoclinic and hexagonal phases for HAp were quantified by Rietveld refinement. Furthermore, sample crystallinity in each material was enhanced by increasing the ultrasound irradiation time. The nanoparticle shape was semi-spherical, agglomerated, and between 17 and 20 nm in size. The agglomeration of particles in the samples was corroborated with a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM).

Exosomes and ultrasound: The future of theranostic applications

“…However, ultrasonic shock waves were able to produce stable nanocomposites compared to the mechanical stirring [ 243 ]. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite/TiO 2 nanocomposites by chemical co-precipitation methods aided by US, resulted in nanosized (<20 ​nm) particles [ 244 ]. Nebulization by ultrasound produces droplets that moves with the surface of the liquid leading to atomizing effect.…”

Sonoproduction of nanobiomaterials – A critical review

“…Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioactive polycrystalline bio-ceramic that can be used for bone tissue ingrowth [100] , and recent studies indicated the composites of HAp and metallic oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) improved the mechanical properties, providing additional support to the human body, and even stimulate cell growth [101] . The derivation of HAp/TiO 2 nanocomposites via sol–gel and co-precipitation methods with ultrasonication at 20 kHz and 750 W yielded smaller NPs ranging from 17 to 20 nm with better crystallinity with an increase in the US irradiation time.…”

“… Nanobiomaterials and their potential biomedical application US-assisted synthesis Sonication conditions Product yield Ref. Herceptin-stabilised graphene for tumour-targeted drug delivery US-assisted one-step graphite exfoliation and stabilisation of Herceptin Sonication with an ultrasonic probe at 15 W with solution placed in an ice bath, and sonication time ranged from 30 min to 30 h. Less than four layers of the graphene sheet [91] Cumin oil nanoemulsions for cancer therapy US-assisted emulsification Ultrasonicator with 750 W input power, 20 kHz for 5, 10 and 15 min Diameter ranges from 10.4 ± 0.5 nm to 149.33 ± 1.15 nm [95] Mono-core magnetite-silica nanocomposites for targeted drug delivery and MRI Co-precipitation with surface-protection effect preventing NPs agglomeration Cleaner-type ultrasonication bath 42 kHz, 100 W Average diameter 100 nm [97] Amino-silane functionalised SPION Sonochemical functionalising of APTES on SPION under high-speed collision induced by shock waves 20 kHz Vibra-Cell, 750 W ultrasonic horn in an ice bath at 1, 10 and 20 min of sonication time Diameter ranges from 2 to 25 nm [98] HAp/TiO 2 nanocomposite for bone tissue ingrowth US-assisted sol–gel and co-precipitation Ultrasonic processor at 20 kHz and 750 W with one pulsation per 2 s, at time intervals of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min Semi-spherical and agglomerated, 17–20 nm [101] Zn-containing NPs for nanomedicine and wound care USP Zn precursor atomised by ultrasonic atomizer (metal mesh) into the reaction zone of laser pyrolysis where the precursor mixtures were decomposed under continuous-wave CO 2 laser beam at a wavelength of 10.6 μm and laser power of up to ∼ 100 W, the temperature of reaction zone was estimated to range from 800 to 1400 °C Spherical and rod-shaped particles [106] Calcium phosphate microspheres as anti-angiogenic chemoembolisation agent USP Solution was sprayed into a two part-furnace (300 and 850 °C) with an ultrasonic vibrator at 2.4 MHz 0.5–3 μm [108] HAp and BAp immunoceramics USP Ultrasonic vibrator at 2.4 MHz generated droplets that were transferred by air flow into the heating zone of the furnace hav...…”

Freeze Casting with Bioceramics for Bone Graft Substitutes

“…Intrinsic control methods can affect the global microstructure and porosity but tend to act uniformly, thus lacking the influence to enact localized alterations in the pore structure. Extrinsic controls, which are defined as those that act upon the freezing process through external influences [3], include the use of sacrificial templates [76][77][78], changes in the freezing direction [79], multi-step freezing [80], and the use of applied energized fields such as magnetic [67,81,82], electric [83][84][85], and ultrasonic fields [86][87][88]. Extrinsic control methods allow for more complex pore structures to be made, with hierarchical and localized anisotropy that can differ across multiple length scales and locations.…”