Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface

Pfau, Thilo; Stubbs, N. C.; Kaiser, L. J.; Brown, Lucy E. A.; Clayton, Hilary M.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1890

Cited by 64 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…; Pfau et al . ), then the comparison between the systems would likely have covered a much smaller range of values ( x axis in Fig ). Estimates of the limits of agreement would then only have been applicable for the small range of values observed in sound horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is similar to that previously been reported for similar lungeing conditions (Pfau et al . ) and we have used a similar range of ± 20 mm to calculate widths of limits of agreement from the regression approach, which covers more than 95% of the symmetry values in this study. The equations in Table can be used to calculate the limits of agreement for a given movement symmetry value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This difference is particularly relevant on the lunge when horses lean into the circle (Pfau et al . ; Brocklehurst et al . ) potentially affecting agreement between the 2 systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

Pfau

Boultbee

Davis

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary 25Gait analysis is gaining in popularity for quantification of lameness and two commonly used inertial 26 sensor systems assess trunk movement symmetry: can these be used interchangeably in multi 27 centre studies? 28We compared head and pelvic movement symmetry between two inertial sensor gait analysis 29 systems in 13 horses equipped simultaneously with the two systems. The first system quantified 30 dorso-ventral movement in the local reference frame (System A), the other system global vertical 31 movement (System B). Widths of limits of agreement were calculated employing a well-established 32 regression method dealing with systematically changing differences over the range of measured 33 values. 34Widths of limits of agreement between system A and system B were narrower for pelvic movement 35 than for head movement. For head movement, they ranged from 6.4 to 6.9mm for in-hand trot and 36 from 7.3 to 9.7mm in the lunge and for pelvic movement from 2.5 to 4.4mm in-hand and from 3.6 37 to 5.3mm on the lunge. 38

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

Pfau

Boultbee

Davis

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…However lungeing is commonly used during lameness and pre-purchase evaluations since it induces differences in the severity of apparent lameness compared to trot on the straight [22]. Lungeing also affects the symmetry of the motion pattern in sound horses [23,24] and this circle-dependent asymmetry will be superimposed on the pre-existing lameness of the horse making it more, or less, visible [23]. Whether this circle-dependent asymmetry will increase or decrease the degree of asymmetry depends on whether the limb contributing to the asymmetry is on the inside or outside of the circle [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head and pelvic movement asymmetries at trot in riding horses in training and perceived as free from lameness by the owner

et al. 2017

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Recent studies evaluating horses in training and considered free from lameness by their owners have identified a large proportion of horses with motion asymmetries. However the prevalence, type and magnitude of asymmetries when trotting in a straight line or on the lunge have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate the presence of motion asymmetries in riding horses in training by identifying the side and quantifying the degree and type (impact, pushoff) of forelimb and hind limb asymmetries found during straight line trot and on the lunge. In a cross-sectional study, vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry was measured in 222 Warmblood type riding horses, all without perceived performance issues and considered free from lameness by their owners. Body-mounted uni-axial accelerometers were used and differences between maximum and minimum head (HDmax, HDmin) and pelvic (PDmax, PDmin) vertical displacement between left and right forelimb and hind limb stances were calculated during straight line trot and on the lunge. Previously reported symmetry thresholds were used. The thresholds for symmetry were exceeded in 161 horses for at least one variable while trotting in a straight line, HDmin (n = 58, mean 14.3 mm, SD 7.1), HDmax (n = 41, mean 12.7 mm, SD 5.5), PDmax (n = 87, mean 6.5 mm, SD 3.10), PDmin (n = 79, mean 5.7 mm, SD 2.1). Contralateral and ipsilateral concurrent forelimb and hind limb asymmetries were detected in 41 and 49 horses, respectively. There was a linear association between the straight line PDmin values and the values on the lunge with the lame limb to the inside of the circle. A large proportion (72.5%) of horses in training which were perceived as free from lameness by their owner showed movement asymmetries above previously reported asymmetry thresholds during straight line trot. It is not known to what extent these asymmetries are related to pain or to mechanical abnormalities. Therefore, one of the most important questions that must be addressed is how objective asymmetry scores can be translated into pain, orthopedic abnormality, or any type of unsoundness.

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“…As a consequence, the required body lean angle deviates more and more from the vertical the faster the horse and the smaller the circle radius (Pfau et al . ; Brocklehurst et al . ).…”

Section: Quantifying Clinically Relevant Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

Pfau

Fiske-Jackson

Rhodin

2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Gait analysis in horses has moved from the laboratory into the outside world enabling researchers and clinicians to make use of quantitative measurements to provide evidence aiding clinical decision making. In this article we explain how the two major visual signs of lameness -head nod and hip hikeare linked to the mechanics of lameness. These parameters should be regarded as well suited for incorporation into clinical decision making being easily measurable e.g. with inertial sensors under nonlaboratory conditions and representative of the underlying mechanical changes. A brief overview of the results of validation studies of the use of inertial sensors for quantification of movement symmetry shows that accuracy, precision and repeatability with current sensor generations are in the order of 3-7 mm; this is below the reported detection threshold for movement symmetries 'by eye'. Recent studies with inertial sensors have investigated conditions relevant to the clinical lameness examination: lungeing, flexion tests and diagnostic analgesia. Lungeing introduces kinematic adaptations rendering head and pelvic movement asymmetrical, even in sound horses. First guideline values are available for changes after flexion tests and diagnostic analgesia, and we understand which parameters show consistent changes. This is crucial for investigating the effects in horses with different orthopaedic deficits. In conclusion, the current inertial sensor systems, while not quantifying all the gait adaptations seen in lame horses, characterise the major mechanical changes affecting fore-and hindlimb lame horses. In order to avoid misinterpretation of the generated data, users should have a thorough understanding of the gait parameters and be aware of sensor limitations in terms of accuracy, precision and repeatability.

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Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface

Cited by 64 publications

References 28 publications

Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

Head and pelvic movement asymmetries at trot in riding horses in training and perceived as free from lameness by the owner

Quantitative assessment of gait parameters in horses: Useful for aiding clinical decision making?

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