Effect of transition metals on the grain size of titanium

Latest Developments in Understanding the Grain Refinement of Cast Titanium

“…However, since then, work by the authors [19] has implied that oxygen in particular may promote refinement through growth restriction effects. Other work [4][5][6] has reported grain refinement with various elements including La, Y, Co, Ni, Er and Si but the mechanisms of refinement remain unknown. In other research there is a contradiction in the mechanisms responsible; Zhu et al [8] attribute grain refinement of Ti with boron additions to nucleation on titanium borides, however, Tamirisakandala et al [7] dismissed this and proposed boron has a solutal growth restricting effect when added to Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al2Sn4Zr2Mo0.1Si.…”

“…As with other metallic engineering alloys, a refinement in prior-β grain size in cast titanium alloys is believed to improve a number of properties including strength, ductility and fatigue resistance [1] as well offer a number of other benefits [2,3]. Despite the associated benefits of controlling prior-β grain size in cast titanium alloys, relatively little research has been conducted into grain refinement of titanium alloys [1,[4][5][6][7][8] and no commercial grain refiners currently exist. Some early work [5] has reported grain refinement with various elemental additions buy the mechanisms for the refinement are largely undiscussed or unknown.…”

“…Despite the associated benefits of controlling prior-β grain size in cast titanium alloys, relatively little research has been conducted into grain refinement of titanium alloys [1,[4][5][6][7][8] and no commercial grain refiners currently exist. Some early work [5] has reported grain refinement with various elemental additions buy the mechanisms for the refinement are largely undiscussed or unknown.…”