Effect of Thermocycling on Color, Surface Characteristics, Compressive Fracture, and Fracture Modes of Prosthetic CAD/CAM Ceramics After Smokeless Tobacco Immersion

Abstract

Background The study aimed to assess effect of smokeless tobacco (ST) immersion with thermocycling (TC) on color of Vita Classical shade-guide, surface roughness (Ra) and roughness depth (Rz), and compressive fracture force (CFF) of hybrid polymer-infiltrated-feldspathic ceramic (Vita Enamic), leucite-Feldspathic glass (Vitablocs ® Mark II), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity) CAD/CAM prosthetic ceramic materials. Material/Methods A 48 samples were milled from Vita Enamic, Vita mark II, and Vita Suprinity. VitaPan shade-guide, Ra, and Rz were registered before ST immersion. Then, the same parameters were recorded again after 15 days of ST staining with and without TC. CFFs and fracture modes of samples after 3 months of aging were documented. Results A slight change was observed in VitaPan shade-guide. Ra and Rz of Vita Suprinity (VS) recorded the highest values among ceramic groups at 3 time intervals. Increases in Ra and Rz were observed after immersion and staining with TC. ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used. Significant differences among and between groups were noticed only before immersion in ST and TC, with P value ≥0.00. The highest mean value and SD of CFFs (MPa and Newton) were recorded in Vita Suprinity, followed by Vita Enamic (VE) and Vita mark II (VMII). Reparable fracture was higher in VMII and VS. Conclusions ST staining and TC caused color changes in VitaPan shade-guide and increases in Ra and Rz of tested materials, with highest and lowest values recorded in VS and VE. CFFs were marginally equal to clinically accepted values for VS and equal or slightly higher than the half values for VE and VMII groups.

Physical, Optical, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Materials after Coffee Immersion and Evaluation of Cleaning Impact with Different Oral Hygiene Tools

“…In our study, type 1 fracture was linked to IPS e.max CAD ceramics. Vita Enamic was the primary material used in the study by Alqahtani SM et al in 2022, with lesser findings found in Vita Suprinity and Vitablocs Mark II samples and semi-reparable and non-reparable fracture modes [ 25 ]. These results were consistent with those of Al Moaleem et al, who investigated ceramics made of zirconia and feldspathic minerals [ 3 , 25 ].…”

“…Each sample’s shape, the quantity of fragments that resulted from fractures, and the proportion of each type were noted. The following parameters served as the foundation for the classification of fracture types [ 25 , 36 ]. Type 1: a reparable specimen is split in half, with each half retaining 50% of the dimensions of the original shape.…”

“…Type 2: a semi-reparable specimen can be divided into three to four parts, each of which is between 20% and 35% of the original size. Type 3: a non-reparable specimen that has been divided into at least four parts, each of which is less than 20% of the original specimen’s size [ 25 , 36 ]. Figure 2 shows the steps and type of the material groups and subgroups as well as the tests used, as mentioned previously.…”

“…To compensate for inadequacies in mechanical plaque reduction, mouthwashes like Listerine ® Zero™ are widely used in dentistry and are useful for reducing dental plaque accumulation, gingivitis, and halitosis. However, mouthwashes contain alcohol and hydrogen peroxide that reduce the microhardness of ceramic materials and ultimately lead to the softening and alteration of organic components of these materials rendering them more susceptible to erosion and discoloration [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

“…Roughness caused by restoration adjustment may worsen surface imperfections and, as a result, weaken the porcelain [ 23 , 24 ]. Ra and Rz are directly linked with polished surfaces and the propagation of subcritical cracks [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Nutrition, salivary rate, temperature differential, and various bacterial flora in the oral cavity are some of the additional elements that may cause rough ceramic surfaces intraorally [ 17 , 21 ].…”