Effect of the placement of fertilizer on the development of spring wheat

Fertilising with phosphorus (P) ensures continuous supply of an essential growth factor as necessary for productive and sustainable agriculture. The amounts of P required to attain and maintain an adequate P status in the soil were investigated in field experiments at 22 sites in Finland on soils containing large amounts of residual fertiliser P. The effects of five rates (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha -1 ) of annual P application were measured in the soil by chemical methods after 9 to 15 experimental years, and the changes in soil test P values (STP) were compared with P balances. Stratification of P in ley soil by broadcast application of fertilisers was assessed at four sites. The mean changes of STP in the whole topsoil caused by P fertilisation expressed as per cent of the balance difference were 3.5% (0.0159 mg dm -3 )/(kg ha -1 ) in the acid ammonium acetate test (P Ac ), 4.7% (0.0214 mg dm -3 )/(kg ha -1 ) in water extraction (P w ) and 9.7% (0.058 mg kg -1 )/(kg ha -1 ) in sodium bicarbonate extraction (modified Olsen P). Initially high P Ac values tended to slowly decrease at zero P balance, while low values

Section: Stratification Of Broadcast P In Leymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus status of diverse soils in Finland as influenced by long-term P fertilisation 2.Changes of soil test values in relation to P balance with references to incorporation depth of residual and freshly applied P

Saarela¹,

Järvi²,

Hakkola³

2008

“…The nutrient amounts used are 80 -140 kg N/ha, 30-70 kg P/ha and 60-200 kg K/ha. In corn production in Finland, placement fertilization has given very good results (Aura 1967, Kaila & Elonen 1970, Esala & Larpes 1986.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different fertilization practices on the growth, yield and dry matter content of carrot

Evers

1988

Abstract. The effects of different fertilization practices on the carrot root and shoot dry weights, yield, dry matter contents and root/shoot ratio were studied in field experiments. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, fertirrigations without basic fertilization, fertirrigations with basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. In addition, split application was compared to single application of nutrients. The soil nutrient levels were studied by soil analysis. The carrot root and shoot samples were collected three times during the growing period. Cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 was grown.The carrot shoots reached their maximum weight already by three months, whereas roots grew slowly during the first two months but grew considerably during both the third and fourth month. The root and shoot dry weights were positively correlated at all sampling dates in both years (r a o.77***), The big photosynthetizing apparatus caused the production of high root yield. The placement fertilization of granular NPK fertilizer increased the yield as compared to broadcast of granular NPK fertilizer (p = 0.009**). The yield was also increased by the placement of P and K as compared to treatments without placement fertilization of P and K (p = 0.03*). There was no difference in yields between single application and split application. Irrigation decreased the yield in 1985 (p = 0.03*). In 1986 the yield was significantly higher than in 1985 (p = 0.000***).At harvest the fertilization did not affect the dry matter content of carrot roots when compared with unfertilized treatments. The difference in dry matter content was greater between years (p = 0.000***) than between fertilization practices (p = 0.05*). The treatment PK placement with N fertirrigations yielded carrots with a higher dry matter content than did the NPK fertirrigation treatments. Besides the fertilization experiment samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected to obtain data concerning organicallycultivated carrots and soils.

“…

In the sprinkler irrigation technique as well as in the technique of fertilizer placement there are, however, many unsolved problems, e. g. which is the best mutual position for fertilizer and seed under Finnish conditions.

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of placement of fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation on the development of spring cereals on the basis of root investigations

Kähäri

Elonen

1969

Two effective methods have been established recently in order to diminish on the clay soils of South Finland the injuring of cereals by spring and early summer droughts; placement offertilizer and sprinkler irrigation (Pohjanheimo and Heinonen 1960, Heinonen and Nieminen 1961, Larpes 1966, 1967, Nieminen et ai, 1967, Elonen et ai, 1967, Aura 1967. The former method is already widely adopted by farmers, but only a few of them have accepted the latter.In the sprinkler irrigation technique as well as in the technique of fertilizer placement there are, however, many unsolved problems, e. g. which is the best mutual position for fertilizer and seed under Finnish conditions. Questions of this kind cannot be solved without extending the investigations also to the underground parts of plants, towards which the irrigation and placement of fertilizer is primarily directed. The purpose of the present work was to study the development of the root system of spring cereals during the growing season, the effect of fertilizer placement and irrigation on the correlation between the yield and the root system, and on the distribution of the root system in the ploughed layer. ExperimentalField trials. The root investigation was performed in the neighbourhood of Helsinki in connection with two large field trials, adjacent to each other. The compelete results of these trials will be published later.