Effect of the B Subunit of the Cholera Toxin on the Raw 264.7 Murine Macrophage-Like Cell Line

The Combined Effect of STAT3 and NF-Κb Inhibitors (The Last Links of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway) on Mouse Mortality and Blood Concentration of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Sepsis

“…It is irrefutably proved that the effects of low NO concentrations (~5 to 50μМ) are mediated by cGMP [29,30]. Our results are in good agreement with this data: an enhancement of the NO production from 26μM in a control to 48 and 45μM in the presence of 100nM of CT-B or the LKEKK peptide, respectively, results in an almost twofold increase in the sGC activity [40].…”

“…CT-B and the peptide LKEKK in a concentration of 100nM were shown to significantly increase the ability of the RAW 264.7 cells for the adhesion and the spreading in vitro [40]. Inflammation is known to cause an enhanced directed migration of leukocytes.…”

“…It is established that that 125 I-labeled CT-B binds with high affinity to the RAW 264.7 cells (K d 2.3nM) [40]. .The labeled CT-B binding was inhibited by unlabeled IFN-α 2, TM-α 1 and the peptide LKEKK (K i 0.9, 1.1 and 1.4nM, respectively), but not inhibited by unlabeled peptide KKEKL (K i >1µM) In the concentration range of 10-1000nM, CT-B and the peptide LKEKK dose-dependently increased NO production by cells and intracellular sGC activity.…”

Impact of Corona Virus

“…Several years ago we synthesized the peptide LKEKK (Np5) corresponding to the sequence 16-20 of thymosin-α1 and the sequence 131-135 of interferon-α2, and showed that it is able to bind with high affinity and specificity human T and B lymphocytes, rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes, rat IEC-6, and human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, murine Raw 264.7 macrophage-like cells [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In all of the above cases, treatment of cells or membranes with proteases did not affect the binding, suggesting the non-protein nature of the peptide binding site.…”

Cholera Toxin B Subunit and Peptide LKEKK Inhibit TNF-α Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Reduce Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Colitis

“…Recently we synthesized peptide LKEKK and found that [ 3 H] LKEKK binds with high affinity to donor blood T lymphocytes, rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes, rat IEC-6 and human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, murine Raw 264.7 macrophage-like cells [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Treatment of cells and membranes with proteases did not affect the [3H] LKEKK binding, suggesting the non-protein nature of the peptide receptor.…”