Effect of temperature on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene foams prepared by single step and two step batch foaming process

Anish, Kumar; Patham, Bhaskar; Mohanty, Smita; Nayak, Sanjay K.

doi:10.1007/s10965-019-1699-3

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The cell sizes were then sorted from the smallest to largest. The difference between the smallest and largest sizes was divided into multiple equi‐sized interval bins, and the number of cells lying within each bin was quantified to arrive at a size distribution . From this size distribution, the volume‐averaged diameter of all the cells measured from the micrographs, D v , was calculated as

D_{v} = {(\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{3}}{n})}^{1 / 3}

where n is the number of cells and d i is the perimeter equivalent diameter of each counted cell.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Anish

Patham²,

Mohanty

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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We investigate the production and characterization of foams prepared from polypropylene (PP) as well as PP–silica nanocomposites containing different loadings of nano‐silica. This study was carried out to investigate the mechanisms underlying the production of foams with a regular cell structure through the use of nano‐scale fillers. Foaming was carried out in batch mode using an autoclave with CO2 as the physical blowing agent; high pressures of the order of 14 MPa were achieved through a combination of active pressurization and the use of high foaming temperatures. The resulting PP nanocomposite foams were characterized in detail to quantify the effect of the nano‐silica loading on the foam density and mechanical, morphological and thermal properties. The addition of nano‐silica in PP resulted in the improvement of foam quality – as assessed from the well‐defined and regular cell structures with absence of cell coalescence – as well as an increase in expansion ratio and decrease in foam density. Careful analyses of trends in cell size, cell density and expansion ratio of the foams were correlated with measurements of melt rheology and nano‐filler morphology of the unfoamed specimens in order to identify subtle details regarding the role of silica nanoparticles in improving foam quality. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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D_{v} = {(\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{3}}{n})}^{1 / 3}

where n is the number of cells and d i is the perimeter equivalent diameter of each counted cell.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Anish

Patham²,

Mohanty

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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“…Average cell size (D v ). The volumetric average cell diameter calculated for each cell considering each has cellular structure from the following equation 43 :…”

Section: Cell Density (N O )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO₂-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent

2019

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In this work, microcellular acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene foams were developed with utilization of water as a co-blowing agent and CO2 as the primary blowing agent through the solid-state batch foaming process. The effect of saturation parameters with the content of the co-blowing agent has been studied extensively for various foaming attributes. The co-blowing agent enhanced the average cell size and the expansion ratio which are useful for better thermal insulation. The maximum expansion ratio of 29.9 obtained from the effect of saturation temperature and co-blowing agent, 23.6 from the effect of saturation pressure and co-blowing agent, and 22.4 from the effect of saturation time and co-blowing agent. The co-blowing agent significantly affects the cell morphology of polymeric foam with saturation parameters.

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“…[1][2][3] The pore morphology of polymeric foams reported in the literature has been primarily altered by manipulations of saturation temperature, saturation pressure, saturation time, polymer crystallinity, the depressurization pathways, or through the inclusion of nucleating agents. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Foaming outcomes depend on the degree to which the polymer is plasticized with sorption of carbon dioxide (depending on P/T/and time) which is accompanied by reductions in the glass transition and melting temperatures and the rigidity of the polymer. The decompression pathway influences the progression of bubble growth and whether the material vitrifies or solidifies and arrests the growing bubbles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foaming of polymers with compressed and supercritical carbon dioxide is industrially important as it provides new pathways to develop more environmentally acceptable foaming processes compared to foaming with chemical agents 1–3 . The pore morphology of polymeric foams reported in the literature has been primarily altered by manipulations of saturation temperature, saturation pressure, saturation time, polymer crystallinity, the depressurization pathways, or through the inclusion of nucleating agents 4–10 . Foaming outcomes depend on the degree to which the polymer is plasticized with sorption of carbon dioxide (depending on P/T/and time) which is accompanied by reductions in the glass transition and melting temperatures and the rigidity of the polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confined batch foaming of semi‐crystalline rubbery elastomers with carbon dioxide using a mold

Sarver

Sumey

Whitfield

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Confined foaming of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-carbon monoxide) using carbon dioxide as a physical blowing agent in a mold with either permeable or impermeable boundaries has been explored as a strategy to control final foam dimensions and morphology. The results are discussed in terms of comparisons to free-foaming experiments conducted at the same pressure and temperature conditions following the same pressurization and depressurization paths. Foaming experiments were carried out at 30 and 40 C and 100, 200, and 300 bar followed by rapid depressurization of the foaming cell. Confined foaming led to smaller pores with more uniform distributions across the polymer cross-section. However, bulk foam densities of the foams generated under confinement were higher than those generated under the free-foaming mode. Surface characteristics and skin layer formation were altered by expansion against both the permeable and impermeable boundaries. Confined foaming promotes uniform pore distribution and overall dimensional uniformity and may impart surface texture but the trade-off is in the degree to which the bulk foam density can be lowered.

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Effect of temperature on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene foams prepared by single step and two step batch foaming process

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO₂-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent

Confined batch foaming of semi‐crystalline rubbery elastomers with carbon dioxide using a mold

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Effect of temperature on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene foams prepared by single step and two step batch foaming process

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties

Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO2-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent

Confined batch foaming of semi‐crystalline rubbery elastomers with carbon dioxide using a mold

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Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO₂-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent