“…The development of these skeletal deformities is not well understood and may be related to nutritional, environmental and genetic factors (Fernández et al, 2008;Boglione et al, 2014). Many researchers have proposed a variety of abiotic factors, such as environmental temperature, high swimming activity, photoperiod, tank colour, water temperature (Tandler et al, 1995;Kihara et al, 2002;Trotter et al, 2003;Sfakianakis et al, 2006;Cobcroft and Battaglene, 2009;Georgakopoulou et al, 2010;Prestinicola et al, the skeletal deformities downgrade the biological performance of the reared fish and the image of the final product, both negatively affecting the production cost and the market value (Divanach et al, 1996;Boglione et al, 2014). A 50% reduction of skeletal anomalies could save European aquaculture D 25,000,000 per year, while the estimated minimum annual loss due to skeletal anomalies is more than D 50,000,000 (Hough, 2009;Boglione et al, 2013a).…”