Abstract:In this study we investigated the impact of temperature on emissions as related to various bitumen applications and processes used in commercial products. Bitumen emissions are very complex and can be influenced in quantity and composition by differences in crude source, refining processes, application temperature, and work practices. This study provided a controlled laboratory environment to study five bitumen test materials from three European refineries; three paving grade, one used for primarily roofing an… Show more
“…This study observed that, the high concentration of HC at the Oven heating/Crude Oil Boiling and Vapour Condensation Units of the refineries might be as a result of direct combustion of residual crude oil and dry wood as a source of energy for the distillation process. Also, the direct application of heat to the crude oil-bearing oven results in high level evaporation of lighter fractions of the crude oil ( Bolliet et al., 2015 ; Yan et al., 2017 ; Gurjap et al., 2019 ). While its high concentration at the Refined Products Collection/Storage Unit as observed, might be due to large quantity storage of refined petroleum products collected in receiving facilities accompanied with the high volatile tendency of refined products as heat is given off for temperature reduction ( API, 1991 ; 1997 ; Taylor and Francis, 2012 ; Weli and Itam, 2016 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This trend in the emissions might result from the intensified heat supplied to the boiler with regular input of residual crude to the refining fire to maintain high temperature for larger oven sizes/processing capacities, as the frequency of fire intensification is dependent on the oven size/processing capacity. Also, increased oven size acquires increase surface area which encourages high evaporation ( McJannet et al., 2008 : Bolliet et al., 2015 ; Prasanna et al., 2015 ; Lehman, 2016 ). Figure 6 Emissions from oven heating/crude oil boiling unit.…”
The increase in price of the available refined petroleum products for local consumption in Nigeria had led to the emergence of indigenous technology for petroleum refining in some parts of the Niger Delta region. This study, therefore characterized and quantified artisanal refineries’ gaseous emissions for possible air pollutants based on various unit operations involved and evaluated their impacts. It measured the emissions directly from source using E8500 Portable Combustion Analyzer. It also categorized oven sizes/processing capacity of the refineries into various ranges in order to estimate emissions according to processing capacity. The result revealed that; pollutants emission varied significantly between the unit operations and increased with increase in processing capacity. When the emissions were compared with daily limits set by the Environmental Guidelines and Standard for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, the emissions (CO, NO
x
, and SO
2
) breached the available set limits. While with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), 1991 set limits for emissions from stationary source; HC and CO breached their limits. SO
2
and H
2
S breached their lower limits but were below the upper limit, while NOx emissions were found within its set limit. The study concluded that, Nigeria Artisanal Petroleum Refineries are sources of air pollution, as they impact the host environment.
“…This study observed that, the high concentration of HC at the Oven heating/Crude Oil Boiling and Vapour Condensation Units of the refineries might be as a result of direct combustion of residual crude oil and dry wood as a source of energy for the distillation process. Also, the direct application of heat to the crude oil-bearing oven results in high level evaporation of lighter fractions of the crude oil ( Bolliet et al., 2015 ; Yan et al., 2017 ; Gurjap et al., 2019 ). While its high concentration at the Refined Products Collection/Storage Unit as observed, might be due to large quantity storage of refined petroleum products collected in receiving facilities accompanied with the high volatile tendency of refined products as heat is given off for temperature reduction ( API, 1991 ; 1997 ; Taylor and Francis, 2012 ; Weli and Itam, 2016 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This trend in the emissions might result from the intensified heat supplied to the boiler with regular input of residual crude to the refining fire to maintain high temperature for larger oven sizes/processing capacities, as the frequency of fire intensification is dependent on the oven size/processing capacity. Also, increased oven size acquires increase surface area which encourages high evaporation ( McJannet et al., 2008 : Bolliet et al., 2015 ; Prasanna et al., 2015 ; Lehman, 2016 ). Figure 6 Emissions from oven heating/crude oil boiling unit.…”
The increase in price of the available refined petroleum products for local consumption in Nigeria had led to the emergence of indigenous technology for petroleum refining in some parts of the Niger Delta region. This study, therefore characterized and quantified artisanal refineries’ gaseous emissions for possible air pollutants based on various unit operations involved and evaluated their impacts. It measured the emissions directly from source using E8500 Portable Combustion Analyzer. It also categorized oven sizes/processing capacity of the refineries into various ranges in order to estimate emissions according to processing capacity. The result revealed that; pollutants emission varied significantly between the unit operations and increased with increase in processing capacity. When the emissions were compared with daily limits set by the Environmental Guidelines and Standard for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, the emissions (CO, NO
x
, and SO
2
) breached the available set limits. While with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), 1991 set limits for emissions from stationary source; HC and CO breached their limits. SO
2
and H
2
S breached their lower limits but were below the upper limit, while NOx emissions were found within its set limit. The study concluded that, Nigeria Artisanal Petroleum Refineries are sources of air pollution, as they impact the host environment.
“…In the laboratory, this includes sampling through the use of filters to concentrate emissions, headspace sampling, headspace solidphase microextraction sampling, and nonseparative real-time sampling. 29 Many current laboratory methods used to examine bitumen emissions rely on the extraction and concentration of emissions onto filters. When using this method, bitumen is heated and mixed in a closed vessel, while air is pulled through the vessel's headspace and subsequently through filters to collect and concentrate the emissions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many current laboratory methods used to examine bitumen emissions rely on the extraction and concentration of emissions onto filters. When using this method, bitumen is heated and mixed in a closed vessel, while air is pulled through the vessel’s headspace and subsequently through filters to collect and concentrate the emissions. ,,− This method has expanded significantly upon the understanding of bitumen fumes and has been essential in establishing health advice for persons that are regularly exposed to bitumen emissions. − …”
Bitumen is heated at high temperatures during asphalt paving applications. In these circumstances, there is the possibility for fuming. These fumes can vary in intensity and, if significant, may attract complaints. The bitumen's chemical composition depends on the crude oil from which it originates. A tool to screen bitumen and evaluate its potential to release fumes would be highly beneficial. In this study, three methods have been employed to investigate a series of bitumen samples that were known to produce complaints by (a) quantifying benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m, o, p-xylene (BTEX), (b) measuring the partition coefficients of these analytes, and (c) measuring the volatile mass of bitumen exposed to isothermal heating. It was found that the concentration of BTEX varied significantly between bitumen samples. The partition coefficients of these analytes are substantially the same between samples. Finally, the volatile mass of each sample varies significantly between samples, independent of bitumen grade or country of origin. These volatile masses correlate strongly with fuming complaints from bitumen and can be used as predictors of bitumen fuming risk.
“…The introduction of polymer modifiers makes the internal structure of the asphalt binder become more compact. The asphalt molecules, especially the light components, are fixed in the network structure through the formation of reticular structure, thereby reducing the emission of asphalt VOCs [ 8 ]. The second one is adsorbents, which are regarded as one of the mainstream techniques due to their low energy consumption, facile operation of adsorption processes, and low operation cost [ 9 , 10 ].…”
In order to meet the requirements of industrial-scale fixed beds and develop an excellent adsorbent for asphalt VOCs. Zeolite ceramsite containing binder was prepared and successfully applied to the inhibition of asphalt VOCs. The results showed that prepared zeolite ceramsite possessed a high degree of crystallinity, and its main crystal phase is zeolite. The micropores with a pore size of 0.88 nm dominated the pore size distribution of the material. The adsorption experiment of asphalt VOCs showed a lower VOCs adsorption effect of 8.72% at a small dosage of 5%, while at a large dosage of 50%, the adsorption effect of VOCs exceeded 45%. This might be caused by the quite small external specific surface area, which occupied only 8.3% of the total specific surface area, and the low intraparticle diffusion coefficient due to the micropores. Meanwhile, the kinetics diameters of most aromatic hydrocarbons, which were comparable to the pore size of micropores, and the increase in the intraparticle diffusion resistance of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules were the important factors in obtaining high adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons in asphalt VOCs. Furthermore, the results indicated that the particulate adsorbent with a microporous structure should be mixed into the asphalt as a fine aggregate rather than an asphalt modifier for better asphalt VOCs adsorption effect.
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