Effect of Surface Treatment and Fiber Orientation on the Tensile and Morphological Properties of Banana Stem Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composite

Abstract

A mixture of NaOH and Na 2 SO 3 was used in modification of banana stem fibers (BSF). Unidirectional BSF reinforced natural rubber (NR) lamina composites were made using compression moulding method. The results of the tensile loading in 0˚, 45˚ and 90˚ to the fiber directions of the composite with fiber mass fraction of 30% were studied. Surface modification of the BSF with a mixture of 4% NaOH and 2% Na 2 SO 3 increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite to 4.03 MPa and 147.34 MPa respectively from 3.12 MPa and 84.30 MPa of the untreated. Variation in properties due to fiber orintations was observed indicating a higher value of properties in the 0 o fiber orientation than in 45˚ and 90˚ directions. The result of scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the surfaces of the fibers indicted an improvement in bonding of the fiber bundles prior to lamination with natural rubber as a result of surface treatment which resulted in its higher tensile strength.

Comportamiento fisicoquímico de compuestos de caucho natural al adicionar residuos agroindustriales como cargas reforzantes

“…Las fibras de vástago de plátano fueron tratadas inicialmente con NaOH al 4% y con una solución al 2% de Na 2 SO 3 durante 24 horas, luego estas fibras fueron lavadas con agua destilada y secadas al sol durante 48 horas. Para eliminar cualquier traza de humedad, las fibras se secaron en un horno a 60ºC durante 1 hora (Ezema et al, 2014).…”

“…Las mezclas del caucho natural fueron elaboradas en un molino de tres rodillos durante aproximadamente 30 minutos, luego se colocaron las fibras del tallo entre dos capas de caucho y entonces se recubrieron con láminas de PET, luego se moldearon por compresión en una prensa hidráulica durante aproximadamente 5 minutos a 150 ° C con una presión de 115 kg / cm 2 (Ezema et al, 2014).…”

“…129-149 por ejemplo, en algunos casos es necesario emplear procesos de conminución de tamaño y en otros procesos de neutralización con ácidos o bases de acuerdo con la naturaleza de los residuos; en la mayoría de los casos los residuos deben ser secados antes de incorporarlos en la matriz elastomérica. Para definir el tratamiento que se le debe aplicar a las cargas, se debe conocer inicialmente sus características fisicoquímicas, algunas de las técnicas de caracterización empleadas para este propósito han sido espectroscopía de infrarrojo por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) (Fu et al, 2013;Iqbal et al, 2016;Ooi, Ismail and Abu Bakar, 2013), difracción de rayos x (XRD) (Iqbal et al, 2016;Rajisha et al, 2014), fluorescencia de rayos x (XRF) (Ahmed, Nizami and Raza, 2013;Ooi, Ismail and Bakar, 2013a), espectroscopía de emisión de plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICPES) (Da Costa et al, 2003a;b), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) (Ahmad et al, 2012;Ezema et al, 2014;Fu et al, 2013;Hariwongsanupab et al, 2017;Iqbal et al, 2016;Ooi, Ismail and Abu Bakar, 2013), microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM) (Fu et al, 2013;Iqbal et al, 2016;Rajisha et al, 2014), área superficial mediante el método BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) (Ahmed et al, 2013a;Da Costa et al, 2003a;b) y análisis térmico por calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y mediante análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) (Ahmed, Nizami and Raza, 2013;Fernandez et al, 2016;Panyasart et al, 2014)(ver Tabla 5).…”

Polyethylene/Bacterial-Cellulose Biocomposite Synthesized via In Situ Polymerization with Zirconocene/MMAO Catalyst

“…In order to enhance environmental degradability to polyethylene, it must be blended with biodegradable additives or photo-initiators [3]. Blending or addition of natural fillers like palm leaf [4], guayule biomass [5], banana stem fiber [6], grass fiber [7], and coconut shell powder [8] into polymer matrices has been studied and exhibits biodegradability besides of renewability, low cost and low density and so on [9]. However, the main drawback of introducing the natural fillers into the synthetic polymer is the poor compatibility between the natural fillers and the polymer matrix and the poor distribution of the natural fillers throughout the polymer matrix, due mainly to the different polarities between two phases.…”

Effect of fiber orientation on tensile and impact properties of Zalacca Midrib fiber-HDPE composites by compression molding

“…This is supported by Almeida et al [8] paper that reported a composite reinforced with fibers aligned in one direction have high modulus and strength in the fiber direction and poor mechanical characteristics in the transverse direction. In addition, Ezema et al [9] informed that the composite strength in the longitudinal direction (0 o ) is higher than the transverse direction (90 o ) or other orientations, such as 45 o . Therefore the composite with a fiber orientation from 30 o to 90 o produces a lower tensile strength when compared to resin tensile strength of HDPE of 18.12 MPa.…”