Effect of supplementary food on suckling patterns and ovarian activity during lactation.

Howie, P. W.; McNeilly, Alan S.; Houston, M.; Cook, Arron; Boyle, H

doi:10.1136/bmj.283.6294.757

Cited by 133 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This ®nding has been reported previously 35,36 and may relate either to a depression of infant appetite for milk, 37 or to a decrease in maternal milk production following a decrease in the infant suckling stimulus. 38 Our data indicate a reduction in infant appetite, since the effect was present in both breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Whichever explanation is correct, the effect in the present study appeared to be of supplements replacing, rather than adding to, MVI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Energy intake in early infancy and childhood fatness

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether aspects of infant energy intake are related to fatness in early childhood. DESIGN: Longitudinal investigation of infants studied at 12 weeks and 2±3.5 y. SUBJECTS: 20 healthy infants, breast-fed or formula-fed, from the general population. MEASUREMENTS: Milk volume intake (MVI) by deuterium turnover, estimated energy intake, weaning status and body composition in infancy, body composition in childhood. RESULTS: MVI was not related to infant skinfolds or percentage fat. Weaning was inversely related to MVI (P`0.04) at 12 weeks, and inversely related to skinfolds (P 0.055) and fat mass (P 0.020) in childhood. MVI and total energy intake were not related to childhood fatness. CONCLUSIONS: Early weaning was associated with a moderate reduction in childhood fatness. Two possible mechanisms are discussed. However, early infant energy intake was not an important determinant of later fatness in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Energy intake in early infancy and childhood fatness

et al. 1998

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“…Plasma PRL concentrations are higher for those women in San Jose who do not supplement, but can remain fairly high for some women who do supplement until 18 months postpartum. The plasma concentrations of PRL in women in San Jose are comparable to those of the women of the Gaing (Wood et al, 1985) and overall both groups have higher levels than do Scottish women (Howie et al, 1981).…”

Section: Nutritional Status Lactation and Fecunditymentioning

confidence: 78%

Lactation, Nutrition and Fertility and the Secretion of Prolactin and Gonadotrophins in Mopan Mayan Women

Fink

Wilson

et al. 1992

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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The effect of lactation on menstrual cycles, ovulation and conception was studied in a group of non-contracepting Amerindian Mopan Mayan women. Anthropological observations of relevant events were made over a 21-month period. Blood samples were assayed to determine the plasma concentrations of prolactin, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotrophin, placental lactogen, oestrogen, progesterone and cortisol. The data show that: frequent and prolonged breast-feeding was associated with a marked increase in plasma prolactin concentrations to levels similar to those in lactating Gaing but higher than those in lactating Scottish women; ovulatory menstrual cycles and pregnancy occurred during frequent lactation; in lactating menstruating women there was an inverse correlation between fat weight and months post-partum. These data suggest that other factors as well as suckling account for the effects of lactation on fecundity.

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“…This is a particularly conservative baseline given the work, nutritional, and other environmental stresses to which they were exposed, albeit with some alleviation during pregnancy (Gutman, 1976;Fogel, 1989;Steckel, 1986). The smaller the frequency of supplementary meals (Howie et al, 1981) and lower the nutritional status of the mother (Jelliffe and Jelliffe, 1978), the more slowly ovulation will resume.…”

Section: Age Female Malementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Four months of reduced nursing (from approximately 75 to 15 min per day) are required after food supplementation begins before 52% of women resume ovulation. The infants in this study, therefore, were fully weaned by 9 months of age (Howie et al, 1981). Eight months postpartum is therefore about the earliest point at which onehalf of enslaved women might be expected to have resumed fecundity.…”

Section: Age Female Malementioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and chronological distribution of dental enamel hypoplasia in enslaved African Americans: A test of the weaning hypothesis

Blakey

Leslie

Reidy

1994

American J Phys Anthropol

127

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The dentition of 27 enslaved African Americans from archaeological sites in Maryland and Virginia were examined. All 17 males and 7 of the 10 females in this study exhibited enamel hypoplastic defects indicative of systemic nutritional and disease stresses interfering with amelogenesis. Estimates of the ages of occurrence of these defects show that most occur between 1.5 and 4.5 years of age, 0.5-3.75 years later than historically documented weaning age (9-12 months of age) in similar plantation populations. Comparisons are made with studies of dental enamel hypoplasia in contemporaneous enslaved and free African American populations, including our data on 75 individuals from the First African Baptist Church cemetery in Philadelphia. These populations were highly stressed. While there appears to be a modest effect of early weaning stress, no direct relationship of peak frequencies to weaning age can be shown. These data raise questions about the attribution of peak hypoplasia frequencies to age at weaning or "post-weaning" stresses in previous paleopathological studies. High hypoplasia frequencies during the middle years of enamel development are more likely the result of a combination of 1) multiple environmental stresses, 2) differences in hypoplastic susceptibility in enamel, and 3) random factors.

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Effect of supplementary food on suckling patterns and ovarian activity during lactation.

Cited by 133 publications

References 12 publications

Energy intake in early infancy and childhood fatness

Energy intake in early infancy and childhood fatness

Lactation, Nutrition and Fertility and the Secretion of Prolactin and Gonadotrophins in Mopan Mayan Women

Frequency and chronological distribution of dental enamel hypoplasia in enslaved African Americans: A test of the weaning hypothesis

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