Effect of superficial harrowing on surface properties of sand with rubber and waxed-sand with fibre riding arena surfaces: a preliminary study

Tranquille, C.A.; Walker, V.A.; Hernlund, Elin; Egenvall, Agneta; Roepstorff, L.; Peterson, Michael; Murray, Rachel C.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.027

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, no effect of arena surface type was observed in the final models for either collected or [23], suggesting that these two surfaces were functionally dissimilar. Surface material is known to behave differently according to composition, preparation and maintenance [20,41,42]. It is possible that despite differences in surface type and moisture content, the overall make-up and maintenance of surfaces A and B meant functional properties were comparable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of limb kinematics between collected and lengthened (medium/extended) trot in two groups of dressage horses on two different surfaces

Walker

Tranquille

Newton

et al. 2017

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of limb kinematics between collected and lengthened (medium/extended) trot in two groups of dressage horses on two different surfaces

Walker

Tranquille

Newton

et al. 2017

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The impact of maintenance on training and racing surfaces is often overlooked. The effect of harrowing on reducing surface firmness is similar on synthetic and dirt tracks , while the effect on shear properties appears to vary, with dirt tracks unchanged following maintenance and synthetic surfaces showing an increase in grip . Interestingly, harrowing a synthetic track appears to increase the peak loading on the limb in contrast with dirt, where maintenance leads to a decrease in peak load on the track .…”

Section: Surface Maintenancementioning

confidence: 90%

The foot–surface interaction and its impact on musculoskeletal adaptation and injury risk in the horse

Parkes

Witte

2015

Equine Veterinary Journal

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The equine limb has evolved for efficient locomotion and high-speed performance, with adaptations of bone, tendon and muscle. However, the system lacks the ability seen in some species to dynamically adapt to different circumstances. The mechanical interaction of the limb and the ground is influenced by internal and external factors including fore-hind mass distribution, lead limb, moving on a curve, shoeing and surface properties. It is unclear which of the components of limb loading have the largest effect on injury and performance but peak load, impact and vibration all play a role. Factors related to the foot-ground interface that limit performance are poorly understood. Peak performance varies vastly between disciplines but at high speeds such as racing and polo, force and grip are key limits to performance.

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“…Because of the relatively cold weather in Sweden horses are to a large extent trained in indoor arenas ( 4 ). Waxed sands are quite commonly found in the UK ( 4 , 16 ), where rain is common. The use of wax may be explained by the stated ability to maintain properties over a large range of water content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanical behaviour of an arena surface is not only affected by material composition, but also highly affected by the maintenance such as watering and harrowing ( 22 , 23 ). The same maintenance measure has been shown to produce different effects on different arena materials ( 16 ). The most cost effective way to improve surface properties is likely often to increase frequency of and the quality of maintenance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Descriptions and Attitudes of Riders and Arena Owners to 656 Equestrian Sport Surfaces in Sweden

et al. 2021

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Horses in equestrian sports are commonly trained in arenas with prepared footing. Information on the number and variants of such arenas is generally unknown. This paper provides an overview of the primary construction types of riding surfaces in Sweden including details on composition, constructions principles, usage frequency, maintenance, and cost of operation as well as to investigate rider perception of the ideal arena properties using a large population of riders. Data on 656 equestrian surfaces in Sweden obtained up to 2014 are presented, of which 373 were outdoor and 283 were indoor arenas. Dressage and show-jumping were the main disciplines conducted in the arenas. Sand-mineral arenas were most common outdoors and sand-woodchips arenas most common indoors, followed by sand-fibre arenas and even fewer synthetic arenas. Comparing the three most common arena types, dragging was most often done on sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Harrowing was less often done on sand-mineral arenas compared to sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Combining dragging, harrowing, deep harrowing, and rolling, arenas with higher usage were maintained more frequently, compared to those used less frequently. It was commonly claimed that the top-layer needs renovation every other-4th year or every 5th to 10th year. Few respondents allocated more than 10,000 SEK in yearly maintenance costs, with the exception for sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas followed by synthetic arenas. The shortest duration perceived between required renovations was found for sand-woodchips top-layer arenas. Ideal surface properties were evaluated by 3,158 riders. Dressage and show-jumping riders differed somewhat regarding ideal spans of functional arena properties: for impact firmness, responsiveness, and grip. The current study likely included well-utilised arenas, compared to those less well-utilised. The resources necessary to keep an arena consistent over time seemed underestimated. Knowledge of maintenance and priorities for arenas are important to users and arenas managers, be they construction companies or arena managers in order to maximise the outcome of efforts for arena improvement and optimise locomotor health for horses that use them. Further, many arenas were new and research into organic arena management is important, especially if equestrians continue to build and renew arena surfaces.

show abstract

Effect of superficial harrowing on surface properties of sand with rubber and waxed-sand with fibre riding arena surfaces: a preliminary study

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Comparison of limb kinematics between collected and lengthened (medium/extended) trot in two groups of dressage horses on two different surfaces

Comparison of limb kinematics between collected and lengthened (medium/extended) trot in two groups of dressage horses on two different surfaces

The foot–surface interaction and its impact on musculoskeletal adaptation and injury risk in the horse

The Descriptions and Attitudes of Riders and Arena Owners to 656 Equestrian Sport Surfaces in Sweden

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