Effect of strength of drive determined by a new technique for appetitive classical conditioning of rats.

DeBold, Richard C.; Miller, Neal E.; Jensen, Donald D.

doi:10.1037/h0021632

Cited by 74 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Hulse has also drawn attention to respondent properties of the tongue-lick and several Es (see, e.g., DeBold, Miller, & Jensen, 1965) have indeed found it amenable to classical conditioning. That rats have exhibited stable licking to low-ratio intermittent schedules (Hulse, Snyder, & Bacon, 1960) would be expected-a single water reinforcement may e lic ita burst of eight or more licks, Demonstration of the tongue-lick as a useful "free" operant would therefore entail stable performance on an intermittent schedule the ratio of which exceeds the number of responses in a respondent burst.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A modification of the Hulse lickerandum: Preliminary studies and suggested applications

1967

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confidence: 99%

A modification of the Hulse lickerandum: Preliminary studies and suggested applications

1967

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“…As have other investigators , however , they found that both the mean and modal lick rates for rats were 6·7 licks/sec. Further evidence for the highly invariant , elicited, reflexive nature of licking in the rat has been provided by Snyder & Hulse (1961), DeBold , Miller, & Jensen (1965), Boice & Denny (1965), Hulse (1966), and Schaeffer & Smith (1966). These studies, in addition to revealing that the lick response fatigued , could be classically conditioned , and , once init iated, was reflexive, all reported that lick rate was essentially constant.…”

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confidence: 86%

Differential reinforcement of specific lick rates in the rat

Pierson

Schaeffer

1973

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Lick rates in rats were differentially reinforced , using an operant conditioning procedure in which specific lick rates, when maintained for specific temporal durations were reinforced with the opportunity to run in aã ctivity wheel. This operant conditioning paradigm is referred. to as differential reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH). Between and within Ss lick rate variability did not exceed one lick for ' all DRH conditions tested in which the time base was 1 sec or le~. Specific momentary lick rates were successfully rem forced for all Ss tested, but DRH conditioning did not p.roduce higher momentary lick rates than the range of lick-rate values normally observed in baseline conditions.All evidence presently available suggests that the licking response in rats occurs at a relatively constant momentary rate. Stellar & Hill (1952), the earliest investigators to explore rate of licking in the rat, found that (a) rats drink at a relatively constant rate or not at all, (b) the average rate of licking is 6-7 laps/sec, and (c) this rate is independent of fluid deprivation levels.Davis & Keehn (1959) further substantiated the co~stancy of the lick rate in the rat by presenting evidence that the average lick rate was constant for saline, sucrose, and saccharin solutions. In 1960, Davis and Arnold concluded that slight intersession and individual differences in lick rate, of the order of about 1 lick/sec , did exist . . Further evidence that lick rates in the rat are largely independent of environmental influence was presented by Schaeffer & Premack (1961). They found that neonatal .rats , raised without an opportunity to drink, upon then first contact with fluids displayed a mean lick rate identical to that of adults. Unlike previous investigators, Schaeffer and Premack showed that careful analysis of momentary lick rate within bursts of over 1 sec duration yielded initial actual rates of licking for some animals as high as 9 .0 licks/sec and actual terminal rates within the same burst as low as 5.2 licks/sec . which averaged to a mean lick rate for the entire lick burst of 6.6 licks/sec. As have other investigators , however , they found that both the mean and modal lick rates for rats were 6·7 licks/sec. Smith (1966). These studies, in addition to revealing that the lick response fatigued , could be classically conditioned , and , once init iated, was reflexive, all reported that lick rate was essentially constant. Furthermore, the reflexive properties of momentary lick rate were not affected by radiation doses 10 times the strength needed to produce aversion to normally preferred saccharin solutions (Schaeffer & Smith, 1966).Recently, Corbit & Luschei (1969) used a computer to measure interlick intervals in milliseconds and found that neither different deprivation schedules, preferred taste stimulation, nor aversive taste stimulation affected the interlick interval. The mean rate of licking , as measured by this highly precise method , equalled 6.5 licks/sec, which compares favorably with the rates f...

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“…In the techniques of DeBold, Miller, and Jensen (1965) it is necessary to drill through the nasal sinuses, which can lead to severe hemorrhaging. The method of Gross, Trapold, and Hyde (1968) is simpler, but still requires drilling between the incisors, as well as fitting a metal hypodermic tube tc the shape of each experimental animal's muzzle.…”

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confidence: 99%