A modification of the Hulse lickerandum: Preliminary studies and suggested applications

Development and control of licking in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

“…1 shows records of a rat (run in the same apparatus as the guinea pigs), guinea pig, and rat data from Justesen et al (1967). The schedule in all three cases was FR 50.…”

“…Since this system made fluid delivery directly contingent upon the occurrence of licking behavior, it provided a means of developing and using the tongue lick as an operant response. The apparatus is the same as that reported and pictured by Justesen, Levinson, and Daley (1967) and described by Hulse (1960). The lickerandum tube mounted in the animal's home cage was gradually retracted behind the slot in the Plexiglas shield.…”

“…Comparison of cumulative response records for a rat (RL1), guinea pig (SI), and a rat from the literature (Justesen, Levinson, & Daley, 1967). Reinforcement delivery was on an FR 50 licks for liquid reinforcement.…”

The photo-lickerandum: A device for detecting the licking response, with capability for near-instantaneous programming of variable quantum reinforcement

“…The operant tongue lick has been brought under control of a diversity of reinforcement schedules. Responding to variable-interval schedules from VI 12-sec to VI 5-min has been reported by Stricker and Miller (1965), Stricker (1966), and Justesen, Levinson, and Daley (1967), fixed-interval schedules from FI 30-sec to Hulse, Snyder, and Bacon (1960) and by Justesen et al The most demanding schedule employed was FR 50, this in the last study cited.…”

“…In brief, the animal licks at a tiny area on a smooth surface of one end of a bevelled cylinder, which area is situated a few millimeters under and more distal to an orifice from which small, discrete quanta of liquid are "injected" directly into an animal's mouth. When an animal is responding to a continuous schedule on a Hulse "lickerandum," and short latencies of reinforcement are programmed (in, say, the neighborhood of 75 msec; see Justesen, Levinson, & Daley, 1967), the adjunct case most nearly approximates the integrant. Even so, the rat's tongue movement is not directly instrumental in taking liquid into the mouth and, by operational fiat, is construed as dry licking.…”