Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq

Abstract

Physicochemical properties (pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved salt, Cl -, F -, NO3 -, SO4 -2 , NH4 + and Chemical oxygen demand) of Sixteen brands bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical properties of the bottled water measured in this work compared with manufacturer's labeling reported on the bottles and were compared with the guideline value of World Health Organization (WHO) and International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) standards. The change of physicochemical properties investigated when the bottled water exposed to sunlight or storage at different temperature for 30 days. IR-spectroscopy was carried out in order to deduce the nature of polymer material and its purity. Results indicated that the quality of bottled water samples was within the permissible limit, while it is changed with the time of sunlight exposed or temperature changes. The results indicate, the physicochemical properties of all bottled water samples are within the international guidelines of bottled water and not the same that reported on the bottle label. The results show each of sun light exposure and temperature of storing cause changes in all physicochemical properties of water in the plastic bottle. @JASEM

Effects of Sunlight Exposure on the Quality Parameters of Bottled Water

“…The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the bottled water exposed to sunlight showed significant increase for all samples, ranging from (10 -242 ms/cm) for 0 day exposure, (16 -284 ms/cm) for 14 days exposure and (17 -291 ms/cm) for 28 days exposure. This increase in EC may be occasioned by prolonged exposure to sunlight overtime, as the trend obtained was similar to the result obtained by Janan et al (2013) and Muhammad et al (2011) under similar conditions. The increase in EC and TDS which are interrelated also correlate with the increasing ions for other physicochemical parameters and heavy metal (zinc) with increase in sunlight exposure.…”

“…The TDS values range from (5 -122 mg/l) for zero day, (7.5 -141 mg/l) for 14 days and (5.5 -139 mg/l). The result of the TDS is in line with several reported investigations (Muhammad et al, 2011;Toma, 2009;Tahir, 2010), and the values were within the standard limit set by WHO, SON and NIS.…”

“…Generally, the pH levelsrecorded did not meet the standard limit for drinking water (6.5 to 8.5) by WHO, SON and NIS, except for sample A on day zero. Water pH is majorly influenced by geology of catchment area and buffering capacityof water (Muhammad et al, 2011).Several documented researches report thatthe pH level of the underground water in Benin City is slightly acidic and was attributed to the geological formation and processes of the aquifer (Ezeigbo, 1988;Yasele and Idiata, 2012). This could be the cause of the low pH value of the water samples as the bottled water producersmay have failed to correct this defect.…”

“…The values were within the WHO standard. The observed fluctuating physicochemical parameters of bottled water under sunlight can possibly be attributed to degradation of plastic bottle due to different temperature, resistance and sensitivity (Muhammad et al, 2011).…”

Effect of Temperature on Antimony Leaching from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) into Bottled Water

“…Toxic organic and inorganic additives were found to leach from packaging plastics, under various conditions (Guart et al, 2011;Isama et al, 2011). These leachables may include heavy metals, bisphenol A (BPA) and other alkyl phenols, such as 4-nonylphenol, as well as adipates, and phthalates (Muhamad et al, 2011;Keresztes, et al, 2013;Bach et al, 2013;Santana et al 2014). Many of these agents pose health risks to humans (Halden, 2010), and some have been proved to be xenoestrogens or endocrine disruptors (Kawamura, 2010;Sax, 2010;North and Halden, 2013;Wagner et al, 2013).…”