Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn on Acute and Sub-Acute Models of Inflammation

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the study was to see the effect of ethanolic extract of Solanum nigrum Linn on Acute and Sub-acute inflammation. Method: Wistar rats weighing 150-200gms were used, divided into four groups Group 1 was control group, two groups Group 2 and 3 treated with the plant extracts at 100 & 200 mg/kg b.w and Group 4 treated with indomethacin, 10 mg/kg b.w. Acute inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 mL of 1% homogenized carrageenan suspension in normal saline to the right hind paw of the rats prior to which drug treatment was given and paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Sub-acute anti-inflammatory studies were carried out as described by winter and Porter and hematological parameters were estimated. The granuloma tissue formed during the proliferative process was isolated and wet and dry exudates formation was estimated in various treatment groups. The effect of extract and indomethacin on vital organs like liver, kidney, stomach was also studied by performing histological studies. Results: Study shows that the hydroalcoholic extract of whole plant of Solanum nigrum L. is effective only at higher dose effectively suppressing carrageenan induced inflammation suggesting the inhibition of release of prostaglandin, bradykinin, leukotrienes and polymorphonuclear cells. The histological studies further confirm the anti-inflammatory property of the extract while simultaneously maintaining normal cellular architecture of vital organs than as compared to indomethacin treated group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of whole plant of Solanum nigrum Linn shows promising anti-inflammatory activity on both acute and sub-acute stages of inflammation.Key words: Acute Inflammation, Sub-acute Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory activity, Solanum nigrum, Hematological parameters, Histological studies.Key Message: Inflammation is a typical reaction which gets triggered due to external influences. Solanum nigrum is a weed which is commonly found throughout the country and which has been claimed traditionally for its use as anti-diarroheal, analgesic and anti-hyperlipedemic. This study mainly involves in-vivo effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the whole plant on acute inflammation induced using carrageenan and sub-acute inflammation induced using cotton pellet. The plant has elicited significant anti-inflammatory activity on acute as well as sub-acute stages of inflammation decreasing the paw volume and controlling the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. Evaluating the plant further for its effects on biochemical biomarkers and its chemical profiling is required and is in process This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.Aryaa and Viswanathswamy: Effect of S.nigrum on stages of inflammation

Solanum nigrum Linn.: An Insight into Current Research on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology

“…The NO production in S. nigrum fruit extract in 80% ethanol decreased to 4.1%, 16.1%, 61.0%, and 79.8% at concentrations of 0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.000 mg/ml, respectively, and could also relieve edema and decrease the thickness of ear tissue in vivo , probably accounting for the abundance of alkaloid and flavonoid ( Yeom et al, 2019 ). Similar results in acute and subacute rat models, and the hydroalcoholic extracts of S. nigrum showed less deposition of macrophages and more deposition of collagen fibres and exhibited organ protection properties (liver, stomach, and kidney), perhaps owing to the presence of steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins of S. nigrum ( Aryaa and Viswanathswamy, 2017 ). Self-made S. nigrum suppository promoted the repair of damaged epithelial tissue and restored prostatic secretion through the decrease of the rat prostate wet quality and the white blood cell count and the increase in the density of lecithin corpuscle ( Xu et al, 2015 ).…”

Inhibition of Nitric oxide Production and Nitric oxide Synthase Gene Expression in LPS Activated RAW 264 .7 Macrophages by Thyme oleoresin from Thymus vulgaris

“…Solanum nigrum Linn is reported to have anti-inflammatory activity on both acute and sub-acute stages of inflammation. 17 Solanum melongena and Solanum macrocarpon extracts have shown inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 18 Phytoconstituents present in plants such as phenols, triterpenes, tannins, anthraquinones, and flavonoids may be responsible for these anti-inflammatory properties.…”

Solanum nigrum L. in COVID-19 and post-COVID complications: a propitious candidate

“…A similar study performed at a dose of 375 mg/kg also indicated the anti-inflammatory action of plant berries [ 66 ]. At acute and sub-acute stages of inflammation, extract of the whole plant of S. nigrum (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory potential as compared to indomethacin (10 mg/kg)[ 69 ]. Ethanolic extract of the plant berries at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg concentrations showed 28, 52, and 63% inhibition against carrageenan-induced paw edema.…”