Effect of sodium silicate on the nature of crystallization products in calcium phosphate systems

Investigation of Inclusion States of Silicate and Carbonate Ions in Hydroxyapatite Particles Prepared under the Presence of Sodium Silicate

“…The biological HA usually contains the different minor ions such as Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , F − , Cl − , carbonate (CO 3 2− ), and silicate (SiO 4 4− ) ions [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The substitution or inclusion of these minor ions in HA changes its morphology, crystalline structure and physicochemical properties [ 7 ], leading to the enhanced bioactivity [ 8 , 9 ]. Among them, the important ions in the synthetic HA for biological applications are the SiO 4 4− and CO 3 2− ions since the mineral bone contains substantial amounts of the ions [ 10 ].…”

“…Among them, the important ions in the synthetic HA for biological applications are the SiO 4 4− and CO 3 2− ions since the mineral bone contains substantial amounts of the ions [ 10 ]. In biological bones, the contents of CO 3 2− and SiO 4 4− ions are approximately 4–8 wt% [ 8 , 11 ] and 0.4–0.5 wt% [ 12 , 13 ], respectively. The SiO 4 4− ions (e.g., silicate ion) are indispensable in the early stages of bone and cartilage formation, since they promote the mineralization, contributing to proper osteointegration and helping to bond the implanted material with the biological bone [ 9 , 14 ].…”