Effect of slope and paver characteristics on performance of permeable pavement GI.

Abstract

DEDICATIONI dedicate my dissertation to my family and many friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving parents, whose words of encouragement and push got me this far. I also dedicate this dissertation to my wife, who stood by me, and I will always appreciate all her support throughout the process. This dissertation is an experimental study based on the findings of two Green Infrastructure (GI) stormwater control measures (SCMs) in Louisville, KY, which focused on the effects of the physical environment on the performance of GI. The GI installed in Louisville are suffering from extensive and rapid surface clogging and in order to optimize current and future GI, an understanding of the factors affecting the performance of the system is required. The study used the current literature to determine the surrounding factors and those of the permeable surface that had not been investigated enough, and used several configurations of GI to determine the effects of these variables on the surface clogging. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe module used to test these variables was a wooden flume, specifically designed and constructed from plywood so that the variables of the experiment could be incorporated in testing. The flume simulates a permeable pavement system with storage gallery and a bedding layer, and is paved with three different interlocking concrete pavements that provide gaps of three different sizes. The flume's longitudinal slope can be adjusted, and the permeable joint material can be included. The performance of the vi flume was measured using 7 time domain reflectometer (TDRs) instruments, manufactured by Campbell Scientific, which are located inside the storage gallery.After conducting 21 experiments with various configurations, the data was analyzed to reveal meaningful information. As expected, the experiments with permeable joint material show a clear separation for the sediment deposited on the surface, where empty gaps resulted in inorganics being deposited on the up gradient and organics on the down gradient.The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the progression of clogging and progression of infiltration edge on the permeable surface showed that the increase of gap size from 6 mm to 9 mm did not result in a significant change, but the change to 12 mm gaps resulted in a significantly different rate for the progression of the first rate. The presence of #8 aggregate in the gaps resulted in significant changes in both rates and finally the change of slope from 1% to 3% created a significant change in the rate at which surface clogging progressed.vii

Investigation clogging dynamic of permeable pavement systems using embedded sensors

“…However, the results showed that some of the WCRs located on the far east side of the pavement section received less runoff during this study. These results are similar to the finding of Ehsaei (2013) that conducted wetting and clogging front on a pavement section with underlying layers in a laboratory scale experiment. Another possibility for smaller recording of the far east sensors could be the deposition of the particles and debris from the earlier events, thus changing the runoff direction and hence the runoff did not infiltrate over these reflectometers during the following events.…”

“…Different aspects of clogging mechanisms have been conducted by earlier studies through laboratory experiments (Haselbach, 2010, Ehsaei, 2013, field investigations (Bean et al, 2007, Pezzaniti et al, 2009, Lucke and Beecham, 2011 and modelling (Deo et al, 2010). Haselbach (2010) investigated the effects of extreme events and runoff with high loads of clay on pervious concrete clogging, concluding that the clay particles accumulated on the upper layers of the pavement and surface sweeping followed by rinsing was an efficient way to return infiltration to an acceptable level.…”

“…It was concluded that WCRs successfully quantified size and timing of the wetting front as runoff moves through soil and non-soil media in low impact development (LID) practices. WCRs were also used by Ehsaei (2013) in a flume experiment at the Edison Environmental Center (EEC) designed to link the effect of slope and paver's gap sizes on creation and progress of clogging. In an earlier study by Brown and Borst (2013), unevenly distributed WCRs with higher density near the upgradient were used for a spatial infiltration study of clogging pattern and progression for permeable pavement strips along a street in Louisville, Kentucky.…”

Clogging Progression Prediction of Permeable Pavement Laboratory Model Using Artificial Neural Networks

“…The joint spaces are likely to get clogged by debris with various particle sizes. Fine particles such as clayey material migrate through the gaps and create a seal at the bottom of storage gallery, obstructing the interface with native soils and jeopardizing the exfiltration capacity of the system, while larger (mostly organic) debris contribute to surface clogging (Ehsaei 2013) (Balades, Legret et al 1995). In order to investigate the gap size efficacy in clogging progression and consequently captured runoff capacity, three different paver block types are utilized to cover the permeable surface ( Figure 1).…”

“…Measuring the infiltration rates is employed to demonstrate the clogging progression on the permeable surface. It has been found that clogging is concentrated at the upper edge of the pavement and is progressed over time from the upgradient edge (Ehsaei 2013). Sediment accumulation diminishes the infiltration rates, and conducting regular maintenances are necessary to restore the designated captured runoff volume by the PICPs (Al-Rubaei, Stenglein et al 2012).…”