Effect of skin wetting on finger cooling and freezing.

Molnár, George; Hughes, AC; Wilson, O; Goldman, Rachel

doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.2.205

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The principal danger and threat to tolerance during cold air exposure is an increased risk of peripheral cold injury, primarily frostbite. The skin surface freezes between −3.7 and −4.8 • C (58,165,262), due to the electrolyte content of cells and fluids, although wet skin freezes at a higher threshold…”

Section: Cold Air Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

112

115

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Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.

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Section: Cold Air Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

112

115

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“…In addition to an effect on skin temperature, emollients may have other effects on skin increasing its risk of cold injury, such as moisturizing of the skin surface. The freezing temperature of the stratum corneum has been shown to rise with increased water content, both in vitro (14) and in vivo (15). This phenomenon could not be tested in this study, as the cold exposure did not lead to actual frostbite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Thermal Effects of Emollients on Facial Skin in the Cold: Clinical Report

Lehmuskallio

Rintamäki²,

Anttonen³

2000

Acta Dermato-Venereologica

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Ointments are traditionally used in Finland for protection against facial frostbite. Recent epidemiological reports showed unexpectedly, however, that the use of ointments is a statistically considerable risk factor for frostbite of the face and ears. The effects of 4 different emollients on facial temperature were studied in 46 acute cold exposures. The voluntary test persons sat in a cold chamber after emollients were applied thickly on half of the face, while the other half acted as an untreated control. Thermistors and an infrared scanner were used to measure skin temperature of symmetrical areas of the face. The thermal sensations on the corresponding sites were also recorded. Test emollients more often had an objectively cooling than a warming effect on facial skin. However, white petrolatum often produced a subjectively warming skin sensation. "Protective" ointments may cause a false sensation of safety, leading to increased risk of frostbite due to neglect of other protective measures.

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“…The risk of FCI increases with lower tissue temperatures and the probability of FCI is about 95% at a tissue temperature of −4.4°C [ 30 ]. The rate and duration of the cooling process in the human tissue might alter due to skin-moisture [ 31 , 32 ], peripheral vasoconstriction, contact with supercooled liquids (f.i. petrol) [ 5 ] conductive heat-loss (f.i.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The classification of freezing cold injuries - a NATO research task group position paper

Norheim

Sullivan-Kwantes

Steinberg

et al. 2023

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Introduction: Freezing cold injuries (FCI) are a common risk in extreme cold weather operations. Although the risks have long been recognised, injury occurrences tend to be sparse and geographically distributed, with relatively few cases to study in a systematic way. The first challenge to improve FCI medical management is to develop a common nomenclature for FCI classification. This is critical for the development of meaningful epidemiological reports on the magnitude and severity of FCI, for the standardisation of patient inclusion criteria for treatment studies, and for the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment algorithms. Methodology: A scoping review of the literature using PubMed and cross-checked with Google Scholar, using search terms related to freezing cold injury and frostbite, highlighted a paucity of published clinical papers and little agreement on classification schemes. Results: A total of 74 papers were identified, and 28 were included in the review. Published reports and studies can be generally grouped into four different classification schemes that are based on (1) injury morphology; (2) signs and symptoms; (3) pathophysiology; and (4) clinical outcome. The nomenclature in the different classification systems is not coherent and the discrete classification limits are not evidence based. Conclusions: All the classification systems are necessary and relevant to FCI medical management for sustainment of soldier health and performance in cold weather operations and winter warfare. Future FCI reports should clearly characterise the nature of the FCI into existing classification schemes for surveillance (morphology, symptoms, and appearance), identifying risk-factors, clinical guidelines, and agreed inclusion/exclusion criteria for a future treatment trial.

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Effect of skin wetting on finger cooling and freezing.

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Thermal Effects of Emollients on Facial Skin in the Cold: Clinical Report

The classification of freezing cold injuries - a NATO research task group position paper

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