“…From the review summarized above, we can conclude the health hazard of air pollutions were diverse. From the recent findings of Amoroso et al ( 4 ), Cazzolla Gatti et al ( 6 ), Hadei et al ( 7 ), Sethi et al ( 12 ), air pollution brings impacts on human health as well as to the Covid-19 related hazards. The studies showed that the air pollution affected the mortality and fatalities of the Covid-19 patients, as well as the infected rate or morbidity of Covid-19 with the presence of pollutants in the air.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The majority of the studies conducted had analyzed the impact of particulate matter (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , PM <2.5 ) on human health ( 3 , 5 – 18 , 28 ). Pollution markers such as ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) are among other important contaminants that were studied by ( 2 – 4 , 6 , 7 , 10 – 15 ). Chemicals such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ) also played crucial roles in causing adverse health effects in humans, for instance, cardiorespiratory diseases and cancers.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A few other researchers study the association between health hazards and air pollution. To assess the association, researchers developed models using mathematical and statistical knowledge ( 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 14 , 17 ). These authors performed the association assessment using modeling of Poison's regression, quasi-Poison distribution, generalized additive model (GAM), etc.…”
Environmental issues such as environmental pollutions and climate change are the impacts of globalization and become debatable issues among academics and industry key players. One of the environmental issues which is air pollution has been catching attention among industrialists, researchers, and communities around the world. However, it has always neglected until the impacts on human health become worse, and at times, irreversible. Human exposure to air pollutant such as particulate matters, sulfur dioxide, ozone and carbon monoxide contributed to adverse health hazards which result in respiratory diseases, cardiorespiratory diseases, cancers, and worst, can lead to death. This has led to a spike increase of hospitalization and emergency department visits especially at areas with worse pollution cases that seriously impacting human life and health. To address this alarming issue, a predictive model of air pollution is crucial in assessing the impacts of health due to air pollution. It is also critical in predicting the air quality index when assessing the risk contributed by air pollutant exposure. Hence, this systemic review explores the existing studies on anticipating air quality impact to human health using the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI). From the extensive review, we highlighted research gaps in this field that are worth to inquire. Our study proposes to develop an AI-based integrated environmental and health impact assessment system using federated learning. This is specifically aims to identify the association of health impact and pollution based on socio-economic activities and predict the Air Quality Index (AQI) for impact assessment. The output of the system will be utilized for hospitals and healthcare services management and planning. The proposed solution is expected to accommodate the needs of the critical and prioritization of sensitive group of publics during pollution seasons. Our finding will bring positive impacts to the society in terms of improved healthcare services quality, environmental and health sustainability. The findings are beneficial to local authorities either in healthcare or environmental monitoring institutions especially in the developing countries.
“…According to Kayalar et al ( 2021 ), temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and precipitation significantly influence the vitality and transmission of biological constituents of aerosols characterized by the suitability and atmospheric lifetime/travel distance of suspended particles. Hadei et al ( 2021 ) concluded that air pollution can exacerbate COVID-19-related incidences and mortality. Fig.…”
This study aimed at estimating the transport dynamics of a single severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-laden droplet of 1 to 500 μm in diameter at a wind speed from 1 to 4 m/s. Motion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-laden respiratory droplets under calm or turbulent air conditions were quantified using a combined model. Dalton’s law was implemented to estimate their evaporation. One-factor-at-a-time procedure was applied for the sensitivity analysis of model of deposition velocity. The transport distance of the single virus ranged from 167 to 1120 m as a function of the droplet size, wind speed, and falling time. The evaporation times of the droplets ≤ 3 and ≤ 14 μm in diameter were shorter than their settling times from 1.7 m in height at midnight and midday, respectively. Such droplets remained in the air for about 5 min as the droplet nuclei with SARS-CoV-2. The minimum transport distance of the respiratory droplets of 1–15 μm varied between 8.99 and 142 m at a wind speed range of 1–4 m/s, based on their deposition velocity. With their short transport distance, the larger droplet (30 to 500 μm) was not suspended in the air even under the windy conditions. The deposition velocity was found most sensitive to the droplet diameter. The droplets < 15 μm in diameter completely evaporated at midday and the droplet nuclei with the single virus can travel a minimum distance of 500 m under a horizontal wind speed of 3 m/s.
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