Caloric Restriction (CR) has anti-aging effects and likely protects from a range of chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Specifically, CR has a positive impact on experimental kidney aging, CKD (diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease) and acute kidney injury (nephrotoxic, ischemia-reperfusion injury) through such mechanisms as increased autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. Key molecules contributing to CR-mediated kidney protection include AMPK, sirtuin-1 and PGC1α. However, CKD is a complex condition, and CR may potentially worsen CKD complications such as protein energy wasting, bone-mineral disorders and impaired wound healing. CR mimetics are drugs, such as metformin and Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 which mimic the action of CR. This review aims to provide comprehensive data regarding the effect of CR on CKD progression and outcomes.