“…In bronchial arteries, TNF-␣ initially induced dilation, followed by constriction 2 h later (45). TNF-␣-mediated vasoregulation can also occur through both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms (4,7,16,22,23,29,32,37,38,44,45,51). Collectively, data suggest that TNF-␣ can induce both vasoconstriction and vasodilation and that its effects may be time dependent.…”