“…Based on the damage mechanism, many other researchers developed different kinds of theoretical models to predict the fatigue damage or the ratcheting–fatigue interaction for metals (Guo etal., 2020; Kumar etal., 2019; Mishra etal., 2015; Ren etal., 2018; Si-Jian etal., 2017; Xie etal., 2019; Zhou etal., 2017). It was noted that among different materials (Pun etal., 2014) or under different loading conditions (Zuo etal., 2014), the ratcheting–fatigue interaction and fatigue damage could be different.…”