Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a highly prevalent disorder that is characterized by recurrent sleep-induced collapse of the upper airway. Genioglossus is an important pharyngeal dilator muscle that helps to maintain the patency of the upper airway. The effect of female hormones on pharyngeal dilator muscle activity may be one possible explanation for the differences observed in the prevalence of OSAHS between genders. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of estrogen on genioglossus activity in rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Eight-wk-old female rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated, received 5-wk of estrogen replacement therapy, and/or were exposed to CIH. The contractile properties of the genioglossus were measured. ATPase staining was performed to determine the per cent fiber-type distribution and to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers. Myosin heavy chain phenotypes were determined by gel electrophoresis. Chronic intermittent hypoxia reduced the contractile properties of the genioglossus muscle, decreased the CSA of type IIA fibers, and decreased the proportion of myosin heavy chain IIA, and ovariectomy exacerbated this effect. However, estrogen replacement can partially reverse the effect of CIH in ovariectomized rats. It is concluded that a low female hormone level and CIH may increase fatigue and alter genioglossus structure and function, and may compromise the maintenance of upper airway patency, while estrogen may help to reverse this effect.
Total transfer capability (TTC) is a vital security indicator for power exchange among areas. It characterizes time-variants and transient stability dynamics, and thus is challenging to evaluate efficiently, which can jeopardize operational safety. A leaning-aided optimal power flow method is proposed to handle the above challenges. At the outset, deep learning (DL) is utilized to globally establish real-time transient stability estimators in parametric space, such that the dimensionality of dynamic simulators can be reduced. The computationally intensive transient stability constraints in TTC calculation and their sensitivities are therewith converted into fast forward and backward processes. The DL-aided constrained model is finally solved by nonlinear programming. The numerical results on the modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms several model-based methods in accuracy and efficiency.
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