Effect of rare earth oxide addition on microstructures of ultra-fine WC–Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composites prepared by direct laser sintering

Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing

“…However, if one of the components of the composite powder is a fiber, problems of consolidation occur [11]. The method has also been used to make Metal Matrix Composite (MMC), e.g Fe and graphite [180], WC-Co [112,132], WC-Co and Cu [63,65], Fe, Ni and TiC [55] etc. and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) [50,213].…”

“…SLS of ceramic and metal, in general, does not give as dense products as is found in the case of PMC. In order to fully consolidate it, extra material is added to the powder mixture [65] or the porous product is infiltrated [112,132]. Addition of La 2 O 3 to the mixture of WC-Co and Cu has decreased the surface tension of the melt and consequently increased its sinterability [65].…”

“…In order to fully consolidate it, extra material is added to the powder mixture [65] or the porous product is infiltrated [112,132]. Addition of La 2 O 3 to the mixture of WC-Co and Cu has decreased the surface tension of the melt and consequently increased its sinterability [65]. In other cases, consolidation of WC and Co green product has been done by infiltrating it with bronze [112,132].…”

Processing conditions and microstructural features of porous 316L stainless steel components by DMLS

“…It is known that when localized powder melting occurs during laser scanning, a significant temperature gradient tends to form between the centre and edge of the molten pool, due to a Gaussian laser beam used. Both concentration differences and temperature gradients at solid-liquid interfaces can give rise to surface tension gradients and resultant Marangoni flows [16][17][18]24]. The convective Marangoni streams tend to rotate the SS particle cores within the pool and, meanwhile, moves them towards the centre of laser beam, where the temperature is maximum [26].…”

“…Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), as a typical solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technique, enables the quick production of complex shaped three-dimensional (3D) parts directly from metal powder [14][15][16][17][18]. The DMLS process creates parts in a layer-bylayer fashion by selectively fusing and consolidating thin layers of loose powder with a scanning laser beam.…”