Effect of processing on the environmental stress cracking resistance of high-impact polystyrene

Andena, Luca; Rink, M.; Marano, Claudia; Briatico‐Vangosa, Francesco; Castellani, Leonardo

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.017

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Fracture mechanics has been successfully applied to the study of fracture in viscoelastic materials, as reported in several instances in the existing scientific literature [11][12][13][14]. Its use has been extended directly to study ESC of several systems [15,16], including: polystyrene in oil [17][18][19], polyethylene in various detergents [20][21][22] and polyethyleneterephtalate in sodium hydroxide [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Contino

Andena

Rink

et al. 2018

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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In this work the environmental stress cracking resistance of two high-density polyethylene grades, employed for the manufacturing of bleach bottles, was investigated by using a fracture mechanics approach. Two aqueous solutions similar to common bleach products (with and without sodium hypochlorite) were considered as the active environment, whose effect on both the initiation and propagation phases of fracture was evaluated for the two materials. Tests at different temperatures were performed and a time-temperature superposition scheme was applied both in air and in the active environment. Temperature was shown to influence fracture behaviour only through the material inherent viscoelasticity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Contino

Andena

Rink

et al. 2018

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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“…Figure 2 and Table 1 also shows that oleic acid act as stress cracking agent to polystyrene, as reported previously by others. [ 26–28 ] However, the effect of temperature and the presence of AO is not as consistent was it was observed with EG. For example, at 40°C, the PS samples showed a recovery of ~20% in the values of tensile strength and ~17% in the modulus of elasticity, when compared to the test performed at room temperature under the presence of the same fluid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Monitoring by acoustic emission the mechanical behavior of polystyrene submitted to stress cracking at different temperatures

Trindade

Rabello

2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Environmental stress cracking (ESC) is one of the main phenomena that limit the use of polymers, being responsible for an expressive number of premature failures in service. This occurs when mechanical loading is combined with a certain kind of chemical agent, causing surface cracks and, eventually, catastrophic failure. This issue is not widely reported in the literature, and the usual procedures for investigation involve conventional mechanical testing. Alternative tools, such as, the technique of acoustic emission (AE) to monitor the stages of fracture, are rarely used. In this work, injection molded polystyrene were submitted to stress cracking conditions, using two types of active fluids and different exposure temperatures (25, 40, and 55°C). The AE technique was applied simultaneously with the mechanical testing to monitor parameters like intensity of the hits and energy released during the deformation and fracture. The results showed that the failure by ESC was related to the fluid interaction with the polymer and was very dependent on the exposure temperature. The use of acoustic emission technique was very useful to differentiate the effects of the various exposure conditions and to explain certain fracture characteristics observed by visual inspection and by scanning electron microscopy.

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“…On the one hand, the presence of an environmental medium may cause “physical aging” such as plasticization effects, post- and rec-crystallization or free volume changes in amorphous regimes. On the other hand, the combined action of high-local stresses and an aggressive environment (i.e., elevated temperature and environmental medium) may result in “chemical aging” locally at the crack tip, which leads to enhanced stabilizer consumption and rupture of covalent bonds of the polymeric molecules and thus ultimately to material degradation in the crack tip region [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]. This mechanism is facilitated by free volume increase and plastic deformation mechanisms in the highly stressed crack tip region, where a larger materials surface to volume ratio allows for a better interaction with the environmental medium [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Hot Chlorinated Water and Stabilizer Package on the Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide

et al. 2018

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To assess the potential use of polyamide (PA) for solar-thermal systems applications, the effect of water with varying chlorine content on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of two PA formulations differing in their stabilizer packages was investigated at 80 °C. A commercial PA containing 30 wt % glass fibers and a standard stabilization package (PA-0) was used as the reference material. For the other formulation, the reference material PA-0 was compounded with two additional stabilizers (PA-S1). Keeping the specimen geometry and initial loading conditions the same, the total number of cycles to ultimate specimen failure was found to be reduced with an increase in chlorine content for both materials. As to the effect of the chlorine content on crack growth kinetics, the most pronounced effect in enhancing the crack growth rates or decreasing the FCG resistance was determined between 0 ppm and 1 ppm chlorine content. When comparing the relative change of FCG resistance in chlorinated water (10 ppm) to the FCG resistance in non-chlorinated water (0 ppm), the additional stabilization in the material PA-S1 appears beneficial over the stabilization in the reference material PA-0.

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Effect of processing on the environmental stress cracking resistance of high-impact polystyrene

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Monitoring by acoustic emission the mechanical behavior of polystyrene submitted to stress cracking at different temperatures

Influence of Hot Chlorinated Water and Stabilizer Package on the Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide

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