Effect of process parameters on the microstructure, tensile strength and productivity of 316L parts produced by laser powder bed fusion

Leicht, Alexander; Rashidi, Masoud; Klement, Uta; Hryha, Eduard

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2019.110016

Cited by 109 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…4). A simple scaling law defines a two-dimensional (2D) pattern that retains descriptive capabilities for porosity data collected from six independent studies 6,21,[28][29][30][31] spanning ten process parameter sets and material properties. This scaling law is expressed as…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1, 2, and 5) are valid for a quasisteady-state melt pool, meaning that the melt pool is well developed, and the melt pool size and temperature distribution are approximately unchanging in time (although some fluctuations exist in practice due to the highly dynamic multiphase flow). 6,21,[28][29][30][31] . This reduced function space is much more easily visualized and interpreted than the original high-dimensional problem in which the porosity is controlled by ten parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c 2D scaling law combining both lack of fusion and keyhole porosity. Methods of measuring the porosity and computing error bars are provided in the literature6,21,[28][29][30][31] . This reduced function space is much more easily visualized and interpreted than the original high-dimensional problem in which the porosity is controlled by ten parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

et al. 2021

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Metal three-dimensional (3D) printing includes a vast number of operation and material parameters with complex dependencies, which significantly complicates process optimization, materials development, and real-time monitoring and control. We leverage ultrahigh-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging and high-fidelity multiphysics modeling to identify simple yet universal scaling laws for keyhole stability and porosity in metal 3D printing. The laws apply broadly and remain accurate for different materials, processing conditions, and printing machines. We define a dimensionless number, the Keyhole number, to predict aspect ratio of a keyhole and the morphological transition from stable at low Keyhole number to chaotic at high Keyhole number. Furthermore, we discover inherent correlation between keyhole stability and porosity formation in metal 3D printing. By reducing the dimensions of the formulation of these challenging problems, the compact scaling laws will aid process optimization and defect elimination during metal 3D printing, and potentially lead to a quantitative predictive framework.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

et al. 2021

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“…LPBF and EBM are commonly used to form components with high dimensional accuracy [ 12 ]. However, the applications of EBM and LPBF need to be kept in enclosed environments [ 13 ]. Therefore, the component sizes are greatly influenced by the spacing of the enclosed working chamber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter

et al. 2021

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Two single track multi-layer walls with linear energy inputs (LEIs) of 219 and 590 J/mm were deposited by cold metal transfer-based wire arc additive manufacturing system. Combined with the X-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscope and uniaxial tensile tests, the influences of LEI and cooling rate (CR) on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of the studied steel are analyzed. It is observed that the microstructures of the studied steel are mainly composed of δ-ferrite and austenite dendrites. σ phase is formed on the δferrite–austenite interface under low CR. Meanwhile, the primary dendrites’ spacing decreases with the decrease in LEI or the increase in CR, and the maximal primary dendrites’ spacing is 32 μm. The values of elongation to fracture roughly decline with the decrease in LEI or the increase in CR, but the variations of ultimate tensile strength and yield stress show an opposite trend. In addition, the mesoscopic damages in the studied steel under low LEI are mainly caused by the coalescence of pores. While under high LEI, the cracks are induced by the dislocations piling up around δ-ferrite.

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“…(C) 2D scaling law combining both lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity. Methods of measuring the porosity and computing error bars are provided in the literature (6,17,(24)(25)(26)(27). This reduced function space is much more easily visualized and interpreted than the original high-dimensional problem in which the porosity is controlled by 10 parameters.…”

Section: The Scaling Parameter Ke M L Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

Gan¹,

Kafka²,

Parab

et al. 2020

Preprint

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We leverage ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging and high-fidelity multiphysics modeling to identify strikingly simple yet universal scaling laws for keyhole stability and porosity in metal three-dimensional (3D) printing. The laws apply broadly and remain accurate for different materials, processing conditions, and printing machines. We define a new dimensionless number, the Keyhole number, to predict aspect ratio of a keyhole and the morphological transition from stable at low Keyhole number to chaotic at high Keyhole number. Furthermore, we discover inherent correlation between keyhole stability and porosity formation in metal 3D printing. By reducing the dimensions of the formulation of these challenging problems, the compact scaling laws will aid process optimization and defect elimination during metal 3D printing, and potentially lead to a quantitative predictive framework.

show abstract

Effect of process parameters on the microstructure, tensile strength and productivity of 316L parts produced by laser powder bed fusion

Cited by 109 publications

References 22 publications

Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter

Universal scaling laws of keyhole stability and porosity in 3D printing of metals

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