2019
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50189-x
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Effect of porosity enhancing agents on the electrochemical performance of high-energy ultracapacitor electrodes derived from peanut shell waste

Abstract: In this study, the synthesis of porous activated carbon nanostructures from peanut (Arachis hypogea) shell waste (PSW) was described using different porosity enhancing agents (PEA) at various mass concentrations via a two-step process. The textural properties obtained were depicted with relatively high specific surface area values of 1457 m2 g−1, 1625 m2 g−1 and 2547 m2 g−1 for KHCO3, K2CO3 and KOH respectively at a mass concentration of 1 to 4 which were complemented by the presence of a blend of micropores, … Show more

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Cited by 83 publications
(51 citation statements)
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“…400 °C), [36,39] which explains the lower pore development achieved with K 2 CO 3 compared to KOH (Table 1). [40–44] Besides, as mentioned above, K 2 CO 3 is one of the products during KOH activation, so that for T >600–700 °C, reactions (1) to (4) also take place during KOH activation, yielding additional pore development. However, K 2 CO 3 has two important additional advantages over KOH.…”
Section: Harmless Chemical Activating Agentsmentioning
confidence: 96%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…400 °C), [36,39] which explains the lower pore development achieved with K 2 CO 3 compared to KOH (Table 1). [40–44] Besides, as mentioned above, K 2 CO 3 is one of the products during KOH activation, so that for T >600–700 °C, reactions (1) to (4) also take place during KOH activation, yielding additional pore development. However, K 2 CO 3 has two important additional advantages over KOH.…”
Section: Harmless Chemical Activating Agentsmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…It should be noted that the carbon yield of the process is not very high, of around 6–10 % for a KHCO 3 /precursor weight ratio of 4 : 1 (Table 1). Since this study, KHCO 3 activation has been applied to a variety of precursors, including not only biomass, [57–66] but also biochar [43,67–69] and hydrochar, [37,70–72] for use in a variety of applications, as compiled in Table 1.…”
Section: Harmless Chemical Activating Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Interestingly, the specific energy value after 50 h improved from 23 to 27 W h kg −1 before reaching a plateau at a value of 32 W h kg −1 , corresponding to an increase of 27% from the original value of 23 W h kg −1 . This increase in specific capacity and specific energy can be associated to the increase in accessibility of the ions to initially inaccessible redox sites which could increase the wettability and a large diffusion of ions between the electrolyte/electrode during the long floating time (100 h) [63]. The cycling stability and the floating test of the device indicated that the symmetric device showed a good long-term stability without any significant degradation.…”
Section: Electrochemical Performancementioning
confidence: 99%
“…It might be attributed for the high viscosity of IL and high porous structure of ACNSs. The E values are high compared to other biomass‐derived carbon‐based supercapacitor electrode materials reported in the literature [8,17,21,25,49,51,54,57] . The P values are also high compared to the ACs derived from rice husk, [8] peanut shell, [21] and cauliflower [50] .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In general, the trend has been to increase capacitance by increasing surface area [18,19] . However, the electrical conductivity of the AC, its structure including the shapes and sizes, number of its pores, and the identities of the functional groups on its surface, must also be considered for achieving the best performance possible [20,21] . The arrangement and type of porosity of the AC materials limit its accumulation and mobility of ions, and thus its capacitance, specific energy and power [21–24] …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%