Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) on Survival and Reproduction of Daphnia, Gammarus, and Tanytarsus

Nebeker, Alan V.; Puglisi, Frank A.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1974)103<722:eopbpo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 50 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…All these sediment-quality benchmarks are calculated based on the FCV for Aroclor 1254, which introduces considerable uncertainty in the assessment, especially for sediments contaminated with less-chlorinated PCB mixtures. Although invertebrate toxicity data are very limited for PCB mixtures with chlorine content lower than that of Aroclor 1242, Daphnia magna reproductive data [28] suggest that these less-chlori-nated PCB mixtures are less toxic than the mixtures used here to represent the aquatic toxicity of PCBs. 3).…”

Section: Eqp Sediment-quality Benchmarksmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The limited data available for commercial PCB mixtures containing lower (Aroclors 1221 and 1232) and higher (Aroclors 1260, 1262, and 1268) chlorine content suggest that these formulations are less toxic than Aroclors 1242 and 1254 [28,29]. Although individual species exhibit differences in sensitivity among commercial PCB mixtures, Aroclors 1242 and 1254 exhibit similar toxicity based on comparisons of the most sensitive species and the overall distributions of toxicity values.…”

Section: Water-quality Benchmark Derivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evaluation of cause‐effect relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates

Fuchsman

Barber

Lawton

et al. 2006

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Cause-effect sediment-quality benchmarks for the protection of benthic invertebrates are needed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to support predictive risk assessments and retrospective evaluations of the causes of observed sediment toxicity. An in-depth evaluation of PCB aquatic toxicity and organic carbon partitioning was conducted to predict sediment effect concentrations using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. This evaluation was limited to invertebrate toxicity data, because PCBs may exert toxicity to invertebrates and fish via different toxicological mechanisms. As a result of differences in organic carbon partitioning among PCBs of differing levels of chlorination, the estimated EqP benchmarks increase with increasing degree of chlorination for various commercial and environmental PCB mixtures. Studies of spiked sediment toxicity using PCBs were reviewed, and their results generally were consistent with EqP predictions. Additionally, toxicity and benthic community data were reviewed for eight PCB-contaminated sites; these data also showed agreement with EqP predictions. None of these lines of evidence supports previously proposed, empirical sediment-quality guidelines for PCBs. Reasons for the lack of agreement between cause-effect and association-based benchmarks are discussed, and areas of future research to further refine EqP predictions for PCBs are identified.

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Section: Eqp Sediment-quality Benchmarksmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Water-quality Benchmark Derivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of cause‐effect relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates

Fuchsman

Barber

Lawton

et al. 2006

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Experiments in which neonate daphnids and fathead minnow fry were exposed to saturated aqueous solutions of pure individual PCB congeners for 48 to 96 hr resulted in no mortalities that were attributable to PCB toxicity (30). The solutions were produced using a generator column and did not employ a carrier, such as acetone, a practice used in earlier work that may have resulted in unrealistically high acute toxicity results for PCBs (31)(32)(33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

McFarland

Clarke

1989

Environ Health Perspect

619

279

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as environmental contaminants often cannot be adequately described by reference to Aroclors or to total PCBs. Although there are 209 possible PCB configurations (congeners), perhaps half that number account for nearly all of the environmental contamination attributable to PCBs. Still fewer congeners are both prevalent and either demonstrably or potentially toxic. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and relative abundance in animal tissues are used as criteria, the number of environmentally threatening PCB congeners reduces to about thirty-six. Twenty-five of these account for 50 to 75% of total PCBs in tissue samples of fish, invertebrates, birds, and mammals.A few PCB congeners that are sterically similar to 2,3,7,3,7, are directly toxic. Other PCB congeners, as well as those that are directly toxic, may also be involved in toxicity indirectly by stimulating the production of (inducing) bioactivating enzyme systems. The most consequential of these have the ability to induce aryl hydrocarbon metabolizing mixed-function oxidases (MFOs). A result can be an increased capacity for bioactivation of otherwise nontoxic foreign compounds such as certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to cytotoxic or genotoxic metabolites. The effectiveness of specific PCB congeners as inducers of different types of cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO systems is determined by their stereochemistry. Although MFO induction is not a proximate cause, it is a strong correlate of certain kinds of toxicities. Structural patterns can thus be used to discriminate among PCB congeners on the basis of toxic potential, if not entirely on toxicity per se. Congeners that demonstrate 3-methylcholanthrene-type (3-MCtype) and mixed-type MFO induction have the greatest toxic potential. These congeners most closely resemble 2,3,7,8-TCDD in their structures and in their toxic effects. The larger group of phenobarbital-type (PBtype) inducers have considerably less potential for contributing to toxic effects. Weak inducers and noninducing congeners have the least potential for toxicity.Using the rationale described in this paper, we assigned the most environmentally threatening PCB congeners to four groups. Congeners assigned to Group 1 are considered most likely to contribute to adverse biological effects attributable to PCBs in an environmental sample. Group 1A contains the three most potent (pure 3-MC-type inducer) congeners, IUPAC numbers 77, 126, and 169. Six congeners, numbers 105, 118, 128, 138, 156, and 170, are assigned to Group 1B. These congeners are mixed-type inducers that have been reported frequently in environmental samples. Group 2 congeners are PB-type inducers that are also prevalent in the environment; these include numbers 87, 99, 101, 153, 180, 183, and 194. Group 3 congeners, numbers 18,44,49,52,70,74, 151, 177, 187, and 201, are weak or noninducers, but they occur frequently in the environment or in high concentrations in animal tissues relative to other PCB congeners, and so may be of ...

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“…The compound was most toxic to Daphnia, and levels above 5 Ag/liter inhibited reproduction (Nebeker and Puglisi 1974). The compound was most toxic to Daphnia, and levels above 5 Ag/liter inhibited reproduction (Nebeker and Puglisi 1974).…”

Section: Effects On Aquatic Organismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (Pcb's) and Fishery Resources

Walker

1976

Fisheries

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Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) on Survival and Reproduction of Daphnia, Gammarus, and Tanytarsus

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

An evaluation of cause‐effect relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates

An evaluation of cause‐effect relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (Pcb's) and Fishery Resources

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