Effect of plant extracts on H2O2-induced inflammatory gene expression in macrophages

Abstract

BackgroundArctium lappa (AL), Camellia sinensis (CS), Echinacea angustifolia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng (PG), and Vaccinium myrtillus (VM) are plants traditionally used in many herbal formulations for the treatment of various conditions. Although they are well known and already studied for their anti-inflammatory properties, their effects on H2O2-stimulated macrophages are a novel area of study.Materials and methodsCell viability was tested after treatment with increasing doses of H2O2 and/or plant extracts at different times of incubation to identify the optimal experimental conditions. The messenger (m)RNA expression of TNFα, COX2, IL1β, NFκB1, NFκB2, NOS2, NFE2L2, and PPARγ was analyzed in macrophages under H2O2 stimulation. The same genes were also quantified after plant extract treatment on cells pre-stimulated with H2O2.ResultsA noncytotoxic dose (200 μM) of H2O2 induced active mRNA expression of COX2, IL1β, NFE2L2, NFκB1, NFκB2, NOS2, and TNFα, while PPARγ was depressed. The expression of all genes tested was significantly (P<0.001) regulated by plant extracts after pre-stimulation with H2O2. COX2 was downregulated by AL, PG, and VM. All extracts depressed IL1β expression, but upregulated NFE2L2. NFκB1, NFκB2, and TNFα were downregulated by AL, CS, PG, and VM. NOS2 was inhibited by CS, PG, and VM. PPARγ was decreased only after treatment with E. angustifolia and E. senticosus.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that the stimulation of H2O2 on RAW267.4 cells induced the transcription of proinflammatory mediators, showing that this could be an applicable system by which to activate macrophages. Plant extracts from AL, CS, PG, and VM possess in vitro anti-inflammatory activity on H2O2-stimulated macrophages by modulating key inflammation mediators. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation into molecular mechanisms modulated by herbal extracts should be undertaken to shed light on the development of novel modulating therapeutic strategies.

Anti-inflammatory activity of berry fruits in mice model of inflammation is based on oxidative stress modulation

“…Blueberry blocked the activation of nuclear factor kβ and expression of nitric oxide synthase-2, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in H 2 O 2 -stimulated macrophages. [ 6 35 ] Cranberry (CRAN) increased SOD, CAT and GPX activity in liver and reduce TNF-α, after exposition to gamma radiation. [ 36 ] Moreover, polyphenols from Cranberry improved mitochondrial dysfunctions in intestinal Caco-2/15 cells stimulated with com lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which alleviate intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation.…”

“…[ 5 ] BLUE is rich in anthocyanins, exhibiting intense blue color and phenolic compounds present in this fruit shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial activity. [ 6 7 8 ] One fruit belonging to Ericaceae family, the Cranberry (CRAN), is a native fruit of North America used as a folk remedy by native inhabitants to clean kidneys, bladder and to treat urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections. [ 9 10 ] CRAM is exported to other regions of the world dried or processed into juice, like other berry fruits, is rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenes.…”

Oxidative Stress and Nutraceuticals in the Modulation of the Immune Function: Current Knowledge in Animals of Veterinary Interest

“…The term nutraceutical derives from ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’ and many definitions can be found in the dictionaries. On a broader meaning, nutraceutical is a food which provides health benefits other than its nutritional value and that contains bioactive compounds which interact at different levels with the animal physiology [97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114]. Probiotic, prebiotic, secondary plant metabolites, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, and essential oils are a non-exclusive list of nutraceutical compounds and, in this review, we will focus on secondary plant metabolites, probiotics, and prebiotics.…”

“…Grape polyphenols are considered as potent antioxidants and several studies in human have been conducted, as it can be seen from recently published reviews [125,126]. Even if grape polyphenols can be found in commercial supplements and complete diets for companion animals, in literature no scientific publication in this field are found, while few published studies are available for ruminants [99,100,105,109,110,114]. Interestingly, a common outcome of these studies was a significant increase of antioxidant activity at a blood level, measured as either biochemical markers or gene expressions.…”

Peer Review #1 of "Phytochemical-rich medicinal plant extracts suppress bacterial antigens-induced inflammation in human tonsil epithelial cells (v0.1)"

“…These results were consistent with the previous reports that demonstrate there are active anti-inflammatory phytochemicals of different plant extracts. For example, previous studies have reported that analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of various phytochemicals: suppression of the transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators by [6]-gingerol of ginger (Young et al 2005); anti-inflammatory activities in H 2 O 2stimulated macrophages by E. angustifolia L. extract (Pomari et al 2014); and inhibition of iNOS PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2017:02:16299:1:2:NEW 27 Apr 2017)…”