Effect of Plant Essential Oils and Their Major Constituents on Cypermethrin Tolerance Associated Detoxification Enzyme Activities in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Essential oils are well known to act as biopesticides. This research evaluated the acute toxicity and synergistic effect of essential oil compounds in combination with cypermethrin against Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The effects of distillation extracts of essential oils from Alpinia galanga Zingiberaceae (Zingiberales) rhizomes and Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae (Lamiales) leaves; one of their primary essential oil compounds 1,8-cineole; and linalool were studied on second-instar S. litura by topical application under laboratory conditions. The results showed that A. galanga had the highest control efficiency, whereas1,8-cineole provided a moderate efficacy. The mixtures of linalool, 1,8-cineole, O. basilicum, or A. galanga with cypermethrin were synergistic on mortality. Activity measurements of the main detoxification enzymes show that linalool and 1,8-cineole inhibit the activity of cytochromes P450 and carboxylesterases, which could explain their synergistic effect. Based on our results, the use of these mixtures represents an ideal eco-friendly approach, helping to manage cypermethrin resistance of S. litura.

Synthesis of thymyl esters and their insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Comparison of the LD 50 values of thymyl cinnamate and cypermethrin, which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, revealed that cypermethrin was approximately 205‐fold more potent to second instar S. litura than thymyl cinnamate. However, the field populations of S. litura showed a trend of increasing resistance to cypermethrin and the activity of detoxification enzymes when cypermethrin was continuously used . Therefore, the structural modification of thymol into thymol esters is still crucial for the discovery of novel insecticides that are more potent than thymyl cinnamate and can be used instead of cypermethrin.…”

“…54 Furthermore, fumigant toxicity tests with monoterpenes against Sitophilus oryzae adults did not produce a direct correlation between the toxicity of menthone from Mentha arvensis and AChE inhibition. 55 Comparison of the LD 50 values of thymyl cinnamate and cypermethrin, 56 which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, revealed that cypermethrin was approximately 205-fold more potent to second instar S. litura than thymyl cinnamate. However, the field populations of S. litura showed a trend of increasing resistance to cypermethrin and the activity of detoxification enzymes when cypermethrin was continuously used.…”

“…However, the field populations of S. litura showed a trend of increasing resistance to cypermethrin and the activity of detoxification enzymes when cypermethrin was continuously used. 2,56 Therefore, the structural modification of thymol into thymol esters is still crucial for the discovery of novel insecticides that are more potent than thymyl cinnamate and can be used instead of cypermethrin.…”

Thymus Citriodorus (Schreb) Botanical Products as Ecofriendly Nematicides with Bio-Fertilizing Properties

“…Appropriate technologies have been studied for the utilization of botanical insecticidal preparations, from the "do-it-yourself" smallholder farmer, to a cottage-or village-level collective, to private-sector industry [4]. The mechanism of action of some botanical PPPs has been delineated [3,5], together with the management of resistance development through the detoxification of enzyme activities [6]. Lemon thyme (Lamiaceae) is a lemon-scented evergreen mat-forming perennial.…”

A Novel Insecticidal Molecule Extracted from Alpinia galanga with Potential to Control the Pest Insect Spodoptera frugiperda

“…ACA also has insecticidal activity against insect pests, such as Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, A. galanga oil could enhance the toxicity of a synthetic pyrethroid against S. litura [ 13 ]. In addition, A. galanga is a plant widespread in South East Asian countries and can be found throughout the year [ 14 ].…”